List of quasars

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This is a list of quasars.

Proper naming of quasars are by Catalogue Entry, Qxxxx±yy using B1950 coordinates, or QSO Jxxxx±yyyy using J2000 coordinates. They may also use the prefix QSR. There are currently no quasars that are visible to the naked eye.

List of quasars

This is a list of exceptional quasars for characteristics otherwise not separately listed

Quasar Notes
Twin Quasar Associated with a possible planet microlensing event in the gravitational lens galaxy that is doubling the Twin Quasar's image.
QSR J1819+3845 Proved interstellar scintillation due to the interstellar medium.
CTA-102 In 1965, Soviet astronomer Nikolai S. Kardashev declared that this quasar was sending coded messages from an alien civilization.[1]
CID-42 Its Supermassive black hole is being ejected and will one day become a displaced quasar.
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

List of named quasars

This is a list of quasars, with a common name, instead of a designation from a survey, catalogue or list.

Quasar Origin of name Notes
Twin Quasar From the fact that two images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar is produced.
Einstein Cross From the fact that gravitational lensing of the quasar forms a near perfect Einstein cross, a concept in gravitational lensing.
Triple Quasar From the fact that there are three bright images of the same gravitationally lensed quasar is produced. There are actually four images: the fourth is faint.
Cloverleaf From its appearance having similarity to the leaf of a clover. It has been gravitationally lensed into four images, of roughly similar appearance.


This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

List of multiply imaged quasars

This is a list of quasars that as a result of gravitational lensing appear as multiple images on Earth.

Quasar Images Lens Notes
Twin Quasar 2 YGKOW G1 First gravitationally lensed object discovered
Triple Quasar (PG 1115+080) 4 Originally discovered as 3 lensed images, the fourth image is faint. It was the second gravitationally lensed quasar discovered.
Einstein Cross 4 Huchra's Lens First Einstein Cross discovered
RXS J1131-1231's quasar 4 RXS J1131-1231's elliptical galaxy RXS J1131-1231 is the name of the complex, quasar, host galaxy and lensing galaxy, together. The quasar's host galaxy is also lensed into a Chwolson ring about the lensing galaxy. The four images of the quasar are embedded in the ring image.
Cloverleaf 4[2] Brightest known high-redshift source of CO emission[3]
QSO B1359+154 6 CLASS B1359+154 and three more galaxies First sextuply-imaged galaxy
SDSS J1004+4112 5 Galaxy cluster at z=0.68 First quasar discovered to be multiply image-lensed by a galaxy cluster and currently the third largest quasar lens with the separation between images of 15 ″[4][5][6]
SDSS J1029+2623 3 Galaxy cluster at z=0.6 The current largest-separatioon quasar lens with 22.6 ″ separation between furthest images [7][8][9]
SDSS J2222+2745 6[10] Galaxy cluster at z=0.49[11] First sextuply-lensed galaxy [10] Third quasar discovered to be lensed by a galaxy cluster.[11] Quasar located at z=2.82[11]
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

List of visual quasar associations

This is a list of double quasars, triple quasars, and the like, where quasars are close together in line-of-sight, but not physically related.

Quasars Count Notes
QSO 1548+115
4C 11.50 (z=0.436)
QSO B1548+115B (z=1.901)
 2 [12][13]
QSO 1146+111 8 [14]
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion


This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

List of physical quasar groups

This is a list of binary quasars, trinary quasars, and the like, where quasars are physically close to each other.

Quasars Count Notes
quasars of SDSS J0841+3921 protocluster 4 First quasar quartet discovered.[15][16]
LBQS 1429-008 (QQQ 1432-0106) 3 First quasar triplet discovered.
It was first discovered as a binary quasar, before the third quasar was found.[17]
QQ2345+007 (Q2345+007)
Q2345+007A
Q2345+007B
 2 Originally thought to be a doubly imaged quasar, but actually a quasar couplet.[18]
QQQ J1519+0627 3 [19]


This list is incomplete; you can help by expanding it.

Large Quasar Groups

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Main article: Large Quasar Group

Large quasar groups (LQGs) are bound to a filament of mass, and not directly bound to each other.

LQG Count Notes
Webster LQG
(LQG 1)		 5 First LQG discovered. At the time of its discovery, it was the largest structure known.[20][21]
Huge-LQG
(U1.27)		 73 The largest structure known in the observable universe, as of 2013.

[22][23]

List of quasars with apparent superluminal jet motion

This is a list of quasars with jets that appear to be superluminal due to relativistic effects and line-of-sight orientation. Such quasars are sometimes referred to as superluminal quasars.

Quasar Superluminality Notes
3C 279 4c First quasar discovered with superluminal jets.[24][25][26][27][28]
3C 179 7.6c Fifth discovered, first with double lobes[29]
3C 273 This is also the first quasar ever identified.[30]
3C 216
3C 345 [30][31]
3C 380
4C 69.21
(Q1642+690, QSO B1642+690)
8C 1928+738
(Q1928+738, QSO J1927+73, Quasar J192748.6+735802)
PKS 0637-752
QSO B1642+690
This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

It should be noted that quasars that have a recessional velocity greater than the speed of light (c) are very common. Any quasar with z>1 is going away from us in excess of c.[32] Early attempts to explain superlumic quasars resulted in convoluted explanations with a limit of z=2.326, or in the extreme z<2.4.[33] z=1 means a redshift indicating travel away from us at the speed of light. The majority of quasars lie between z=2 and z=5 .

Firsts

Title Quasar Year Data Notes
First "star" discovered later found to be a quasar
First radio source discovered later found to be a quasar
First quasar discovered 3C 48 1960 first radio source for which optical identification was found, that was a star-like looking object
First quasar identified 3C 273 1962 first radio-"star" found to be at a high redshift with a non-stellar spectrum.
First radio-quiet quasar QSO B1246+377 (BSO 1) 1965 The first radio-quiet quasi-stellar objects (QSO) were called Blue Stellar Objects or BSO, because they appeared like stars and were blue in color. They also had spectra and redshifts like radio-loud quasi-stellar radio-sources (QSR), so became quasars.[26][34][35]
First host galaxy of a quasar discovered 3C 48 1982
First quasar found to seemingly not have a host galaxy HE0450-2958 (Naked Quasar) 2005 Some disputed observations suggest a host galaxy, others do not.
First multi-core quasar PG 1302-102 2014 Binary supermassive black holes within the quasar [36][37]
First quasar containing a recoiling supermassive black hole SDSS J0927+2943 2008 Two optical emission line systems separated by 2650 km/s
First gravitationally lensed quasar identified Twin Quasar 1979 Lensed into 2 images The lens is a galaxy known as YGKOW G1
First quasar found with a jet with apparent superluminal motion 3C 279 1971 [24][25][26]
First quasar found with the classic double radio-lobe structure 3C 47 1964
First quasar found to be a X-ray source 3C 273 1967 [38]
First "dustless" quasar found QSO J0303-0019 and QSO J0005-0006 2010 [39][40][41][42][43][44][45]
First Large Quasar Group discovered Webster LQG
(LQG 1)		 1982 [20][21]

Extremes

Title Quasar Data Notes
Brightest 3C 273 Apparent magnitude of ~12.9 Absolute magnitude: −26.7
Seemingly optically brightest APM 08279+5255 Seeming absolute magnitude of −32.2 This quasar is gravitationally lensed; its actual absolute magnitude is estimated to be −30.5
Most luminous 3C 454.3 Absolute magnitude of −31.4 One of the brightest gamma ray sources in the sky
Most powerful quasar radio source 3C 273 Also the most powerful radio source in the sky
Most powerful
Most variable quasar radio source QSO J1819+3845 (Q1817+387) Also the most variable extrasolar radio source
Least variable quasar radio source
Most variable quasar optical source
Least variable quasar optical source
Most distant ULAS J1120+0641 z=7.085 [46]
Most distant radio-quiet quasar
Most distant radio-loud quasar QSO J1427+3312 z=6.12 Found June 2008[47][48]
Most distant blazar quasar QSO J0906+6930 z=5.47
Least distant Markarian 231 600 Mly [49] inactive: IC 2497
Largest Large Quasar Group Huge-LQG
(U1.27)		 73 quasars [22][23]

First quasars found

First 10 Quasars Identified
Rank Quasar Date Notes
1 3C 273 1963 [50]
2 3C 48 1963 [50]
3 3C 47 1964 [51]
3 3C 147 1964 [51]
5 CTA 102 1965 [52]
5 3C 287 1965 [52]
5 3C 254 1965 [52]
5 3C 245 1965 [52]
5 3C 9 1965 [52]

These are the first quasars which were found and had their redshifts determined.

Most distant quasars

Quasars with z > 6
Quasar Distance Notes
ULAS J1120+0641
(ULAS J112001.48+064124.3)		 z=7.085 Most distant quasar. First quasar with redshift over 7.[46]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)		 z=6.43 Former most distant quasar[53][54][55][56]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)		 z=6.419 Former most distant quasar[57][58][59][56][60][61]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		 z=6.28 Former most distant quasar. First quasar with redshift over 6.[62][60][63][64][65][66][67]
SDSS J104845.05+463718.3
(QSO J1048+4637)		 z=6.23 [61]
SDSS J162331.81+311200.5
(QSO J1623+3112)		 z=6.22 [61]
CFHQS J0033-0125
(CFHQS J003311-012524)		 z=6.13 [54]
SDSS J125051.93+313021.9
(QSO J1250+3130)		 z=6.13 [61]
CFHQS J1509-1749
(CFHQS J150941-174926)		 z=6.12 [54]
QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 z=6.12 Most distant radio-quasar[47][68]
SDSS J160253.98+422824.9
(QSO J1602+4228)		 z=6.07 [61]
SDSS J163033.90+401209.6
(QSO J1630+4012)		 z=6.05 [61]
CFHQS J1641+3755
(CFHQS J164121+375520)		 z=6.04 [54]
SDSS J113717.73+354956.9
(QSO J1137+3549)		 z=6.01 [61]
SDSS J081827.40+172251.8
(QSO J0818+1722)		 z=6.00 For reference[61]
SDSSp J130608.26+035626.3
(QSO J1306+0356)		 z=5.99 For reference[65][66][67]
  • z>6 quasars are used to explore the reionization era
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

[69]

Most Distant Quasar by Type
Type Quasar Date Distance Notes
Absolute most distant quasar ULAS J1120+0641 2011 z=7.085 [46]
Most distant radio loud quasar QSO B1425+3326 / QSO J1427+3312 2008 z=6.12
Most distant radio quiet quasar z=
Most distant OVV quasar z=
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion
Most Distant Quasar Titleholders
Quasar Date Distance Notes
ULAS J1120+0641
(ULAS J112001.48+064124.3)		 2011 - z=7.085 This was not the most distant object when discovered. This was the first quasar found beyond redshift 7.[46]
CFHQS J2329-0301
(CFHQS J232908-030158)		 2007 − 2011 z=6.43 This was not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed IOK-1 (z=6.96), which was discovered in 2006.[53][54][55][56][70][71][72]
SDSS J114816.64+525150.3
(SDSS J1148+5251)		 2003 − 2007 z=6.419 This was not the most distant object when discovered. It did not exceed HCM 6A galaxy lensed by Abell 370 at z=6.56, discovered in 2002. Also discovered around the time of discovery was a new most distant galaxy, SDF J132418.3+271455 at z=6.58.[57][58][59][56][70][73][74][75][76][77]
SDSS J1030+0524
(SDSSp J103027.10+052455.0)		 2001 − 2003 z=6.28 This was the most distant object when discovered. This was the first object beyond redshift 6 when discovered.[62][60][63][64][66][67]
SDSS 1044-0125
(SDSSp J104433.04-012502.2)		 2000 − 2001 z=5.82 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. It exceeded galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z=5.74) as the most distant object (discovered 1999).[78][79][66][67][70][80][81]
RD300
(RD J030117+002025)		 2000 z=5.50 MB=-22.7
This was not the most distant object discovered at time of discovery. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z=5.74) (discovered 1999).[82][83][79][84][70]
SDSSp J120441.73−002149.6
(SDSS J1204-0021)		 2000 z=5.03 This was not the most distant object discovered at time of discovery. It did not surpass galaxy SSA22-HCM1 (z=5.74) (discovered 1999).[84][70]
SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3
(QSO J0338+0021)		 1998 − 2000 z=5.00 This was the first quasar discovered breaking redshift 5. This was not the most distant object discovered at time of discovery. It did not exceed the galaxy BR1202-0725 LAE at z=5.64 discovered earlier in 1998.[70][78][85][86][87][88][89]
PC 1247+3406 1991 − 1998 z=4.897 This was the most distant object discovered at time of discovery.[78][90][91][92][93]
PC 1158+4635 1989 − 1991 z=4.73 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[78][93][94][95][96][97]
Q0051-279 1987 − 1989 z=4.43 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[98][94][97][99][100][101]
Q0000-26
(QSO B0000-26)		 1987 z=4.11 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[98][94][102]
PC 0910+5625
(QSO B0910+5625)		 1987 z=4.04 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. This was the second quasar discovered with a redshift over 4.[78][94][103][104]
Q0046–293
(QSO J0048-2903)		 1987 z=4.01 First quasar discovered with a redshift over 4. This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[98][94][103][105][106]
Q1208+1011
(QSO B1208+1011)		 1986 − 1987 z=3.80 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. This is also a gravitationally-lensed double-image quasar, and at the time of discovery to 1991, had the least angular separation between images, 0.45 ″.[103][107][108]
PKS 2000-330
(QSO J2003-3251, Q2000-330)		 1982 − 1986 z=3.78 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[32][103][109][110]
OQ172
(QSO B1442+101)		 1974 − 1982 z=3.53 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[111][112][113]
OH471
(QSO B0642+449)		 1973 − 1974 z=3.408 First quasar discovered with a redshift greater than 3. Nickname was "the blaze marking the edge of the universe". This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[111][113][114][115][116]
4C 05.34 1970 − 1973 z=2.877 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. Its redshift was so much greater than the previous record that it was believed to be erroneous, or spurious.[32][33][113][117][118]
5C 02.56
(7C 105517.75+495540.95)		 1968 − 1970 z=2.399 This was the most distant object when discovered.[118][119][120]
4C 25.05
(4C 25.5)		 1968 z=2.358 This was the most distant object when discovered.[118][120][121]
PKS 0237-23
(QSO B0237-2321)		 1967 − 1968 z=2.225 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery.[32][121][122][123][124]
4C 12.39
(Q1116+12, PKS 1116+12)		 1966 − 1967 z=2.1291 This was the most distant object when discovered.[120][124][125][126]
4C 01.02
(Q0106+01, PKS 0106+1)		 1965 − 1966 z=2.0990 This was the most distant object when it was discovered.[120][124][125][127]
3C 9 1965 z=2.018 This was the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. This was the first quasar with a redshift in excess of 2.[1][34][124][128][129][130]
3C 147 1964 − 1965 z=0.545 This was the first quasar to become the most distant object in the universe, beating radio galaxy 3C 295.[51][131][132][133]
3C 48 1963 − 1964 z=0.367 Redshift was discovered after publication of 3C273's results prompted researchers to re-examine spectroscopic data. This was the second quasar redshift measured. This not the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 to be at z=0.461[26][32][134][135][136][50][51]
3C 273 1963 z=0.158 First redshift identified for a quasar. This not the most distant object discovered at the time of discovery. The radio galaxy 3C 295 was found in 1960 to be at z=0.461[26][50][135][136][137]
  • z represents redshift, a measure of recessional velocity and inferred distance due to cosmological expansion

The first time that quasars became the most distant object in the universe was in 1964. Quasars would remain the most distant objects in the universe until 1997, when a pair of non-quasar galaxies would take the title. ( galaxies CL 1358+62 G1 & CL 1358+62 G2 - lensed by galaxy cluster CL 1358+62 )[120]

Most powerful quasars

10 Brightest Quasars
Rank Quasar Data Notes
1 HS 1946+7658 It has an intrinsic bolometric luminosity in excess of 10^14 Suns/10^41 watts [138] [139]
2 SBS 1425+606 Has a luminosity of over 10^41 watts - optically brightest for z>3 [140]
3 SDSS J155152.46+191104.0 Has over 10^48 ergs s-1 luminosity [141] [142]
4 HS 1700+6416 Has a luminosity of over 10^41 watts [143]
5 SDSS J074521.78+473436.2 [144][145]
6 S5 0014+813 [143][146]
7 SDSS J160455.39+381201.6 z=2.51, M(i)=15.84
8 SDSS J085543.40-001517.7 [147]

See also

External links

Footnotes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Time Magazine, Toward the Edge of the Universe, Friday, May. 21, 1965
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ N. Inada, et al. (2003) A Gravitationally lensed quasar with quadruple images separated by 14.62 arcseconds Nature, 426,810-812; arXiv:astro-ph/0312427 ; Bibcode: 2003Natur.426..810I
  5. ↑ M. Oguri, et al. (2004) "Observations and Theoretical Implications of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112" The Astrophysical Journal, 605, 78-97; arXiv:astro-ph/0312429 ; Bibcode: 2004ApJ...605...78O
  6. ↑ N. Inada, et al. (2005) Discovery of a Fifth Image of the Large Separation Gravitationally Lensed Quasar SDSS J1004+4112 Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, 57, L7-L10; arXiv:astro-ph/0503310 ; Bibcode: 2005PASJ...57L...7I
  7. ↑ Inada et al. (2006) SDSS J1029+2623: A Gravitationally Lensed Quasar with an Image Separation of 22.5 ″ 2006 December 5
  8. ↑ Oguri et al. (2008) The Third Image of the Large-Separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623 2008
  9. ↑ Kratzer et al. (2011) Analyzing the Flux Anomalies of the Large-separation Lensed Quasar SDSS J1029+2623 2011 January 21
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 ScienceDaily, "Quasar Observed in Six Separate Light Reflections", 7 August 2013
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 H. Dahle, M. D. Gladders, K. Sharon, M. B. Bayliss, E. Wuyts, L. E. Abramson, B. P. Koester, N. Groeneboom, T. E. Brinckmann, M. T. Kristensen, M. O. Lindholmer, A. Nielsen, J.-K. Krogager, J. P. U. Fynbo; SDSS J2222+2745: A Gravitationally Lensed Sextuple Quasar with a Maximum Image Separation of 15".1 Discovered in the Sloan Giant Arcs Survey; The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 773, Number 2, 2013 August 20; arXiv:1211.1091 ; Bibcode: 2013ApJ...773..146D ; doi:10.1088/0004-637X/773/2/146
  12. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1548+115
  13. ↑ IN: Quasars, Proceedings of the IAU Symposium, Bangalore, India, Dec. 2-6, 1985 (A87-31226 12-90). Dordrecht, D. Reidel Publishing Co., 1986, p. 517-526; Discussion, p. 527. ; Gravitational lenses - Observations, 1986IAUS..119..517B
  14. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO 1146+111
  15. ↑ Space Daily, "Astronomers Baffled by Discovery of Rare Quasar Quartet", 18 May 2015
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Sky & Telescope The First Triple Quasar January 10, 2007
  18. ↑ Sky & Telescope Binary Quasar Is No Illusion
  19. ↑ SpaceDaily, "Extremely rare triple quasar found", 14 March 2013 (accessed 14 March 2013)
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Adrian Webster, "The clustering of quasars from an objective-prism survey", Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 1982 May, v.199, pp.683-705, Bibcode: 1982MNRAS.199..683W
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 R.G. Clowes; "Large Quasar Groups - A Short Review"; 'The New Era of Wide Field Astronomy', ASP Conference Series, Vol. 232.; 2001; Astronomical Society of the Pacific; ISBN 1-58381-065-X ; Bibcode: 2001ASPC..232..108C
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Clowes, Roger G.; Harris, Kathryn A.; Raghunathan, Srinivasan; Campusano, Luis E.; Soechting, Ilona K.; Graham, Matthew J.; "A structure in the early universe at z ~ 1.3 that exceeds the homogeneity scale of the R-W concordance cosmology"; arXiv:1211.6256 ; Bibcode: 2012arXiv1211.6256C ; doi:10.1093/mnras/sts497 ; Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 ScienceDaily, "Biggest Structure in Universe: Large Quasar Group Is 4 Billion Light Years Across", Royal Astronomical Society, 11 January 2013 (accessed 13 January 2013)
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 IN: Superluminal radio sources; Proceedings of the Workshop, Pasadena, CA, Oct. 28-30, 1986 ; Superluminal motion in the quasar 3C279 ; 00/1987
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Proceedings of the 6th European VLBI Network Symposium, The Beginnings of VLBI at the 100-m Radio Telescope PDF (100 KB), June 25th-28th 2002, Bonn, Germany
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 26.3 26.4 arXiv, A Class File for AIP The parameter section PDF, September 4, 2006
  27. ↑ New Scientist, Quasar jets and cosmic engines: Some galaxies spew out vast amounts of material into space at velocities close to that of light. Astronomers still don't know why, 16 March 1991
  28. ↑ The superluminal radio source in the gamma-ray blazar 3C 279
  29. ↑ Nature 294, 47 - 49 (05 November 1981); Superluminal quasar 3C179 with double radio lobes ; doi:10.1038/294047a0
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Daily Intelligencer, The Friday, May 29, 1981 ; [1]
  31. ↑ New York Times, IF NOTHING IS FASTER THAN LIGHT, WHAT'S GOING ON?, December 27, 1983
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 The Structure of the Physical Universe, Volume III - The Universe of Motion, CHAPTER 23 - Quasar Redshifts, by Dewey Bernard Larson, Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 79-88078, ISBN 0-913138-11-8 , Copyright © 1959, 1971, 1984
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Quasars and Pulsars, Dewey Bernard Larson, (c) 1971 ; CHAPTER VIII - Quasars: The General Picture ; LOC 75-158894
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Time Magazine, The Quasi-Quasars, Friday, Jun. 18, 1965
  35. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : BSO 1, QSO B1246+377 -- Quasar
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  37. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  38. ↑ Time Magazine, X Rays from a Quasar, Friday, Jul. 14, 1967
  39. ↑ Discovery News, "Primordial 'Dust Free' Monsters Lurk at the Edge of the Universe", Ian O'Neill, 18 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)
  40. ↑ DNA India, "Astronomers discover most primitive supermassive black holes known", ANI, 19 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)
  41. ↑ Times of India, "Most primitive supermassive black holes known 'discovered'", 19 March 2010 (accessed 6 April 2010)
  42. ↑ Nature, "Dust-free quasars in the early Universe", Linhua Jiang, Xiaohui Fan, W. N. Brandt, Chris L. Carilli, Eiichi Egami1, Dean C. Hines, Jaron D. Kurk, Gordon T. Richards, Yue Shen, Michael A. Strauss, Marianne Vestergaard, Fabian Walter, 18 March 2010, vol.464, pp.380-383, doi:10.1038/nature08877 (accessed 6 April 2010)
  43. ↑ Scientific Computing, "Fast-growing Primitive Black Holes found in Distant Quasars " (accessed 4 April 2010)
  44. ↑ SIMBAD, "QSO J0303-0019" (accessed 4 April 2010)
  45. ↑ SIMBAD, "QSO J0005-0006" (accessed 4 April 2010)
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 46.3 Scientific American, "Brilliant, but Distant: Most Far-Flung Known Quasar Offers Glimpse into Early Universe", John Matson, 29 June 2011
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Radio astronomers detect 'baby quasar' near the edge of the visible Universe, 13:50 EST, June 06, 2008
  48. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO J1427+3312, QSO J1427+3312 -- Quasar
  49. ↑ http://www.cnn.com/2015/08/31/us/double-black-hole-nasa-hubble-feat/
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 50.3 Interview ; Maaarten Schmidt PDF (556 KB) ; April 11 and May 2 & 15, 1996
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 51.3 Astrophysical Journal, vol. 139, p.781 ; Redshift of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147. 1964ApJ...139..781S
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 52.3 52.4 The Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1999, Volume 111, Issue 760, pp. 661-678 ; A BRIEF HISTORY OF AGN, 3. THE DISCOVERY OF QUASARS
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Discovery.com Black Hole Is Most Distant Ever Found June 7, 2007
  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 CFHQS UOttawa, Canada-France High-z Quasar Survey, accessed June 2008
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 56.3 CFH UHawaii, Astronomers find most distant black hole
  57. ↑ 57.0 57.1 arXiv, High-excitation CO in a quasar host galaxy at z= 6.42 PDF, July 2003
  58. ↑ 58.0 58.1 arXiv, 350 Micron Dust Emission from High Redshift Quasars PDF, March 2006
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 arXiv, Origin of supermassive black holes PDF (511 KB), Sept 2007
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 THE ASTRONOMICAL JOURNAL, 126:1-14, 2003 July ; PROBING THE IONIZATION STATE OF THE UNIVERSE AT z > 6
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 61.3 61.4 61.5 61.6 61.7 arXiv, Millimeter and Radio Observations of z~6 Quasars PDF, 16 Apr 2007
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 arXiv, VLT observations of the z= 6.28 quasar SDSS 1030+0524 PDF, Feb 2002
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 The Astrophysical Journal, Volume 611, Issue 1, pp. L13-L16 ; The X-Ray Spectrum of the z=6.30 QSO SDSS J1030+0524 ; 2004ApJ...611L..13F
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 The Astronomical Journal, Volume 122, Issue 6, pp. 2833-2849. A Survey of z>5.8 Quasars in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. I. Discovery of Three New Quasars and the Spatial Density of Luminous Quasars at z~6 December 2001
  66. ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 PennState Eberly College of Science, Discovery Announced of Two Most Distant Objects, June 2001
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 SDSS, Early results from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey: From under our nose to the edge of the universe, June 2001
  68. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B1425+3326, QSO J1427+3312 -- Quasar
  69. ↑ SDSS, DR3 Quasar Catalog Paper PDF, 30 Mar 2005
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 UW-Madison Astronomy, Confirmed High Redshift (z > 5.5) Galaxies - (Last Updated 10th February 2005)
  71. ↑ Nature 443, 186-188 (14 September 2006), A galaxy at a redshift z = 6.96, doi:10.1038/nature05104;
  72. ↑ BBC News, Astronomers claim galaxy record, Wednesday, 11 July 2007, 17:10 GMT 18:10 UK
  73. ↑ New Scientist, New record for Universe's most distant object, 17:19 14 March 2002
  74. ↑ BBC News, Far away stars light early cosmos, Thursday, 14 March 2002, 11:38 GMT
  75. ↑ BBC News, Most distant galaxy detected, Tuesday, 25 March 2003, 14:28 GMT
  76. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  77. ↑ arXiv, The Discovery of Two Lyman$\alpha$ Emitters Beyond Redshift 6 in the Subaru Deep Field, 28 Feb 2003
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 78.3 78.4 PennState - Eberly College of Science - Science Journal - Summer 2000 -- Vol. 17, No. 1 International Team of Astronomers Finds Most Distant Object
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  80. ↑ PennState Eberly College of Science, X-rays from the Most Distant Quasar Captured with the XMM-Newton Satellite, Dec 2000
  81. ↑ SPACE.com, Most Distant Object in Universe Comes Closer, 01 December 2000
  82. ↑ NOAO Newsletter - NOAO Highlights - March 2000 - Number 61, The Most Distant Quasar Known
  83. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 The Astrophysical Journal Letters (24 January 2000) Discovery of a Color-Selected Quasar at x = 5.501
  85. ↑ SDSS 98-3 Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar Dec 1998
  86. ↑ POSTSCRIPT The Astronomical Journal, in press (July 1999), HIGH-REDSHIFT QUASARS FOUND IN SLOAN DIGITAL SKY SURVEY COMMISSIONING DATA
  87. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : SDSSp J033829.31+002156.3, QSO J0338+0021 -- Quasar
  88. ↑ New York Times, Finding Distant Quasars, December 15, 1998
  89. ↑ New York Times, Peering Back in Time, Astronomers Glimpse Galaxies Aborning, October 20, 1998
  90. ↑ The Astronomical Journal, vol. 108, no. 4, p. 1147-1155, Multicolor detection of high-redshift quasars, 2: Five objects with Z greater than or approximately equal to 4, April 1994
  91. ↑ New Scientist, issue 1842, 10 October 1992, page 17, Science: Infant galaxy's light show
  92. ↑ FermiLab Scientists of Sloan Digital Sky Survey Discover Most Distant Quasar December 8, 1998
  93. ↑ 93.0 93.1 Royal Astronomical Society, Monthly Notices, vol. 294, p. L7-L12 ; Discovery of radio-loud quasars with Z = 4.72 and Z = 4.01 ; Code: 1998MNRAS.294L...7H
  94. ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), vol. 101, Jan. 1991, p. 5-17; Quasars and galaxy formation. I - The Z > 4 objects
  95. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 1158+4635, QSO B1158+4635 -- Quasar
  96. ↑ LENNOX L. COWIE (1991) Young Galaxies Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 647 (1), 31–41 doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1991.tb32157.x
  97. ↑ 97.0 97.1 New York Times, Peering to Edge of Time, Scientists Are Astonished, November 20, 1989
  98. ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 Nature 330, 453 - 455 (03 December 1987); Quasars of redshift z = 4.43 and z = 4.07 in the South Galactic Pole field, doi:10.1038/330453a0
  99. ↑ Astrophysics, Volume 29, Number 2 / September, 1988, pp.657-671, Absorption spectra of quasars, ISSN 0571-7256, doi:10.1007/BF01005972
  100. ↑ New York Times, Objects Detected in Universe May Be the Most Distant Ever Sighted, January 14, 1988
  101. ↑ New York Times, Astronomers Peer Deeper Into Cosmos, May 10, 1988
  102. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0000-26, QSO B0000-26 -- Quasar
  103. ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 Astrophysical Journal, Part 2 - Letters to the Editor (ISSN 0004-637X), vol. 321, Oct. 1, 1987, p. L7-L10. Research supported by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation" Astrophys. J 321, L7-L10 (1987) - 01.01.86 01.01.86 October 1987 ; [2] PC 0910+5625 : an optically selected quasar with a redshift of 4.04 ; 1987ApJ...321L...7S
  104. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PC 0910+5625, QSO B0910+5625 -- Quasar
  105. ↑ Nature, 325, 131-132 (1987) - 01.01.86 01.01.86 ; First observation of a quasar with a redshift of 4; 1987Natur.325..131W
  106. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0046-293, QSO J0048-2903 -- Quasar
  107. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1208+1011, QSO B1208+1011 -- Quasar
  108. ↑ NewScientist, Quasar doubles help to fix the Hubble constant, 16 November 1991
  109. ↑ Orwell Astronomical Society (Ipswich) - OASI ; Archived Astronomy News Items, 1972 - 1997
  110. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : PKS 2000-330, QSO J2003-3251 -- Quasar
  111. ↑ 111.0 111.1 OSU Big Ear, History of the OSU Radio Observatory
  112. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OQ172, QSO B1442+101 -- Quasar
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 QUASARS - THREE YEARS LATER, 1974 [3]
  114. ↑ Time Magazine, The Edge of Night, Monday, Apr. 23, 1973
  115. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : OH471, QSO B0642+449 -- Quasar
  116. ↑ Reports on Progress in Physics, Volume 53, Issue 8 (August 1990)The detection of high-redshift quasars
  117. ↑ Astrophysical Journal, vol. 163, p.235 ; Some Inferences from Spectrophotometry of Quasi-Stellar Sources ; 1971ApJ...163..235B
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 Nature 226, 532 (09 May 1970); The Unusually Large Redshift of 4C 05.34 ; doi:10.1038/226532a0
  119. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : 5C 02.56, 7C 105517.75+495540.95 -- Quasar
  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 120.3 120.4 "Astrophysics and Space Science" 1999, 269/270, 165-181 ; GALAXIES AT HIGH REDSHIFT - 8. Z > 5 GALAXIES ; Garth Illingworth
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Astrophysical Journal, vol. 154, p.L41 ; The Distribution of Redshifts in Quasi-Stellar Objects, N-Systems and Some Radio and Compact Galaxies ; 1968ApJ...154L..41B
  122. ↑ Time Magazine, A Farther-Out Quasar, Friday, Apr. 07, 1967
  123. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : QSO B0237-2321, QSO B0237-2321 -- Quasar
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 Astrophysical Journal, vol. 147, p.851 ; On the Wavelengths of the Absorption Lines in Quasi-Stellar Objects ; 1967ApJ...147..851B
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 Time Magazine, The Man on the Mountain, Friday, Mar. 11, 1966
  126. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q1116+12, 4C 12.39 -- Quasar
  127. ↑ SIMBAD, Object query : Q0106+01, 4C 01.02 -- Quasar
  128. ↑ The Cosmic Century: A History of Astrophysics and Cosmology Page 379 by Malcolm S. Longair - 2006
  129. ↑ Astrophysical Journal, vol. 141, p.1295 ; Large Redshifts of Five Quasi-Stellar Sources ; 1965ApJ...141.1295S
  130. ↑ The Discovery of Radio Galaxies and Quasars, 1965
  131. ↑ Quasi-Stellar Sources and Gravitational Collapse, Proceedings of the 1st Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics. Edited by Ivor Robinson, Alfred Schild and E.L. Schucking. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1965., p.269 ; Redshifts of the Quasi-Stellar Radio Sources 3c 47 and 3c 147
  132. ↑ Astronomical Journal (ISSN 0004-6256), vol. 103, no. 5, May 1992, p. 1451-1456 ; Radio properties of optically selected high-redshift quasars. I - VLA observations of 22 quasars at 6 CM ; 1992AJ....103.1451S
  133. ↑ Time Magazine, Finding the Fastest Galaxy: 76,000 Miles per Second, Friday, Apr. 10, 1964
  134. ↑ Nature 197, 1041 - 1042, (16 March 1963); Red-Shift of the Unusual Radio Source: 3C 48, doi:10.1038/1971041a0
  135. ↑ 135.0 135.1 The Observatory, Vol. 81, p. 113-118 (1961) ; 1961 May 12 meeting of the Royal Astronomical Society ; 1961Obs....81..113.
  136. ↑ 136.0 136.1 Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, Vol. 12, p.458 ; No redshift in 3C 295 ; 1979BAAS...11..458V
  137. ↑ THE ORIGIN OF MATTER PART 4
  138. ↑ Short-term optical variability of high-redshift qsos
  139. ↑ Title: The spectral energy distribution of the z=3 quasar: HS 1946+7658
  140. ↑ iopscience, Spectroscopy and Photometry of Stellar Objects from the second Byurakan Survey, September 20, 2001
  141. ↑ arXiv, [ http://arxiv.org/abs/1210.5166 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey quasar catalog: ninth data release], 18 October 2012
  142. ↑ arXiv, [ http://arxiv.org/pdf/1502.07767.pdf
  143. ↑ 143.0 143.1 arXiv, [ http://arXiv.org/abs/arXiv:1208.5517 The First Hyper-Luminous Infrared Galaxy Discovered by WISE],27 Aug 2012
  144. ↑ arXiv, [ http://arxiv.org/abs/1004.1167 The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog V. Seventh Data Release],7 Apr 2010
  145. ↑ iopscience, [ http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/134/1/102/fulltext/205715.text.html The Sloan Digital Sky Survey Quasar Catalog. IV. Fifth Data Release], May 11, 2007
  146. ↑ adsabs, [ http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1994ApJ...436L..55E],
  147. ↑ arxiv, [ http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.5499 A very bright i = 16.44 quasar in the ‘redshift desert’ discovered by LAMOST], 30 May 2010
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