List of religions and spiritual traditions
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Religion is a collection of cultural systems, beliefs, and world views that establishes symbols that relate humanity to spirituality and, sometimes to moral values. While religion is hard to define, one standard model of religion, used in religious studies courses, was proposed by Clifford Geertz, who simply called it a "cultural system."[1] A critique of Geertz's model by Talal Asad categorized religion as "an anthropological category."[2] Many religions have narratives, symbols, traditions, and sacred histories that are intended to give meaning to life or to explain the origin of life or the universe. They tend to derive morality, ethics, religious laws, or a preferred lifestyle from their ideas about the cosmos and human nature. According to some estimates, there are roughly 4,200 religions in the world.[3]
The word religion is sometimes used interchangeably with "faith" or "belief system", but religion differs from private belief in that it has a public aspect. Most religions have organized behaviors, including clerical hierarchies, a definition of what constitutes adherence or membership, congregations of laity, regular meetings or services for the purposes of veneration of a deity or for prayer, holy places (either natural or architectural), and/or religious texts. Certain religions also have a sacred language often used in liturgical services. The practice of a religion may also include sermons, commemoration of the activities of a god or gods, sacrifices, festivals, feasts, trance, initiations, funerals, marriages, meditation, music, art, dance, public service, or other aspects of human culture. Religious beliefs have also been used to explain parapsychological phenomena such as out-of-body experiences, near-death experiences and reincarnation, along with many other paranormal experiences.[4][5]
Some academics studying the subject have divided religions into three broad categories: world religions, a term which refers to transcultural, international faiths; indigenous religions, which refers to smaller, culture-specific or nation-specific religious groups; and new religious movements, which refers to recently developed faiths.[6] One modern academic theory of religion, social constructionism, says that religion is a modern concept that suggests all spiritual practice and worship follows a model similar to the Abrahamic religions as an orientation system that helps to interpret reality and define human beings,[7] and thus religion, as a concept, has been applied inappropriately to non-Western cultures that are not based upon such systems, or in which these systems are a substantially simpler construct.
Contents
- 1 Abrahamic religions
- 2 Indian religions
- 3 Iranian religions
- 4 East Asian religions
- 5 African diasporic religions
- 6 Mesoamerican religions
- 7 Indigenous traditional religions
- 8 Historical polytheism
- 9 Mysticism and occult
- 10 Modern Paganism
- 11 New religious movements
- 12 Left-hand path religions
- 13 Post-theistic and naturalistic religions
- 14 Fictional religions
- 15 Parody or mock religions
- 16 Others
- 17 Other categorisations
- 18 See also
- 19 References
- 20 External links
Abrahamic religions
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A group of monotheistic traditions sometimes grouped with one another for comparative purposes, because all refer to a patriarch named Abraham.
Bábism
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Bahá'í Faith
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Christianity
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- Western Christianity
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- Adventism
- Anabaptists
- Anglicanism
- Baptists
- Calvinism
- Christadelphians
- Christian Science
- Churches of Christ
- Church of God
- Hussites
- Jehovah's Witnesses
- Jesuism
- Lutheranism
- Methodism
- Other Protestant churches
- Pentecostalism
- Plymouth Brethren
- Roman Catholicism
- Quakerism
- The Salvation Army
- Shakers
- Swedenborgianism
- Unitarianism (see also Unitarian Universalism)
- Waldensians
- Eastern Christianity
- Ancient Church of the East
- Assyrian Church of the East
- Eastern Catholics (In full communion with Rome, but retaining a diverse array of Eastern liturgical rites; including the Maronites and Chaldean Catholics)
- Eastern Orthodox Church (Includes the Greek Orthodox, Serbian Orthodox, Russian Orthodox, Romanian Orthodox, Bulgarian Orthodox, and several other autocephalous churches and Patriarchates)
- Russian Orthodox Old Believers
- Eastern Orthodox Old Calendarists
- Oriental Orthodox (Includes the Armenian Orthodox, Coptic Orthodox, Ethiopian Orthodox, and Syriac Orthodox, as well as a portion of the St. Thomas Christians)
- Spiritual Christianity
Other Christian
Certain Christian groups are difficult to classify as "Eastern" or "Western."
- Christian Gnosticism
- Christian Universalism
- Nontrinitarianism
- Messianic Judaism
- Rastafari
- Unification Church
No-longer-extant Christian groups
Latter-Day Saints movement (Mormonism)
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Gnosticism
Many Gnostic groups were closely related to early Christianity, for example, Valentinism. Irenaeus wrote polemics against them from the standpoint of the then-unified Catholic Church.[8]
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- Cerdonians (no longer extant)
- Colarbasians (no longer extant)
- Simonians (no longer extant)
- Bogomilism (no longer extant)
- Catharism (no longer extant)
The Yazidis are a syncretic Kurdish religion with a Gnostic influence:
- Persian Gnosticism
- Mandaeism
- Manichaeism (no longer extant)
- Bagnolians (no longer extant)
- Syrian-Egyptic Gnosticism
None of these religions are still extant.
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- Neo-Gnostic Groups
Islam
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- Kalam Schools
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- Kharijite
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- Ibadi (Only surviving sect)
- Azraqi
- Haruriyyah
- Sufri
- Shia Islam
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- Sufism
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- Bektashi Order
- Chishti Order
- Mevlevi Order
- Naqshbandi
- Ni'matullāhī
- Tariqa
- Qadiriyya
- Sufi Order International
- Sufism Reoriented
- Suhrawardiyya
- Tijaniyyah
- Universal Sufism
- Sunni Islam
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- Restorationism
- Quranism
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- Black Muslims
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- American Society of Muslims
- Five-Percent Nation
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Moorish Science Temple of America
- Nation of Islam
- Nuwaubian Nation
- United Nation of Islam
- Ahmadiyya
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- Other Islamic groups
- Yarsanism
- Al-Fatiha Foundation
- Canadian Muslim Union
- European Islam
- Ittifaq al-Muslimin
- Jamaat al Muslimeen
- Jadid
- Liberal movements within Islam
- Muslim Canadian Congress
- Riaz Ahmed Gohar Shahi
- Progressive British Muslims
- Progressive Muslim Union
- Mahdavia
Sufi and Shia Sects
Druze
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- Rabbinic Judaism
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- Karaite Judaism
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- Samaritanism
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Samaritans use a slightly different version of the Pentateuch as their Torah, worshiping at Mount Gerizim instead of Jerusalem, and are possibly the descendants of the lost Northern Kingdom. They are definitely of ancient Israelite origin, but their status as Jews is disputed.[9]
- Falasha or Beta Israel
- Modern Non-Rabbinic Judaism
- Humanistic Judaism (not always identified as a religion)
- Jewish Renewal
- Historical groups
- Essenes
- Pharisees (ancestor of Rabbinic Judaism)
- Sadducees (possible ancestor of Karaite Judaism)
- Zealots (Judea)s
- Sects that believed Jesus was a prophet
- Sabbateans
Black Hebrew Israelites
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Rastafari movement
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Mandaeans and Sabians
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Shabakism
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Indian religions
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Indian religions are the religions that originated in the Indian subcontinent; namely Hinduism, Jainism, Buddhism and Sikhism and religions and traditions related to, and descended from, them.
Ayyavazhi
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Bhakti movement
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Buddhism
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- Nikaya schools (which have historically been incorrectly called Hinayana in the West)
- Theravada
- Sri Lankan Amarapura Nikaya
- Sri Lankan Siam Nikaya
- Sri Lankan Ramañña Nikaya
- Bangladeshi Sangharaj Nikaya
- Bangladeshi Mahasthabir Nikaya
- Burmese Thudhamma Nikaya
- Vipassana tradition of Mahasi Sayadaw and disciples
- Burmese Shwegyin Nikaya
- Burmese Dwara Nikaya
- Thai Maha Nikaya
- Thai Dhammayuttika Nikaya
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Tradition of Ajahn Chah
- Thai Forest Tradition
- Vipassana movement
- Theravada
- Mahayana
- Humanistic Buddhism
- Madhyamaka
- Prasaṅgika
- Svatantrika
- East Asian Mādhyamaka (Three Treatise school)
- Jonang
- Nichiren Buddhism
- Pure Land Buddhism
- Buddha-nature
- Daśabhūmikā (absorbed into Huayan)
- Huayan school (Avataṃsaka)
- Tiantai
- Yogācāra
- Chan Buddhism
- Vajrayana
- New Buddhist movements
- Global variants of Buddhism
Din-e Ilahi
Hinduism
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- Swaminarayan
- Shrauta
- Lingayatism
- Shaivism
- Shaktism
- Tantrism
- Smartism
- Vaishnavism
- Hindu reform movements
- The Osho or Rajneesh movement
- Hinduism in Indonesia
- Major schools and movements of Hindu philosophy
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- Nyaya
- Purva mimamsa
- Samkhya
- Vaisheshika
- Vedanta (Uttara Mimamsa)
- Yoga
Jainism
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Meivazhi
Sikhism
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- Khalsa
- Namdhari ("Kuka Sikhs")
- Ravidassia religion
- Sahajdhari
Iranian religions
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Zoroastrianism
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- Zurvanism
- Mazdakism
- Khurramites (syncretism with Shi'a Islam)
- Behafaridians
Gnostic religions
Bábí movement
Yazdânism
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- Alevi (this is contested; most Alevi consider themselves to be Shia or Sufi Muslims, but a minority adhere to the Yazdani interpretation)
- Yarsani
- Yazidi
East Asian religions
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Confucianism
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Shinto
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Shinto-inspired religions
Taoism
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- Way of the Five Pecks of Rice
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Zhengyi Dao ("Way of the Right Oneness")
- Way of the Celestial Masters
- Taipingjing-based movements
- Shangqing School ("School of the Highest Clarity")
- Lingbao School ("School of the Numinous Treasure")
- Quanzhen School ("Way of the Fulfilled Virtue")
- Wuliupai ("School of Wu-Liu")
- Yao Taoism (Meishanism)
- Faism (Redhead Taoism)
- Xuanxue (Neo-Taoism)
Contemporary Taoism-inspired religions
- Yiguandao
- Dudeism (The Church of the Latter-Day Dude)
- Zenarchy (Kerry Wendell Thornley)
Other
Chinese
- Chan Buddhism
- Chinese folk religion
- Falun Gong
- Yiguandao (I Kuan-Tao)
- Mohism
- Xiantiandao
Korean
- Cheondoism
- Daejongism
- Daesun Jinrihoe
- Gasin faith
- Jeung San Do
- Juche
- Korean shamanism
- Won Buddhism
- Suwunism
Vietnamese
African diasporic religions
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African diasporic religions are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas among African slaves and their descendants in various countries of the Caribbean Islands and Latin America, as well as parts of the southern United States. They derive from African traditional religions, especially of West and Central Africa, showing similarities to the Yoruba religion in particular.
- Batuque
- Candomblé
- Dahomey mythology
- Haitian mythology
- Kumina
- Macumba
- Mami Wata
- Obeah
- Oyotunji
- Palo
- Quimbanda
- Santería (Lukumi)
- Umbanda[15]
- Vodou
Mesoamerican religions
- Aztec religion
- Maya religion
- Mixtec religion
- Olmec religion
- Purepecha religion
- Totonac religion
- Zapotec religion
Indigenous traditional religions
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Traditionally, these faiths have all been classified "Pagan", but scholars prefer the terms "indigenous/primal/folk/ethnic religions".
African
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- Northern Africa
- West Africa
- Akan religion
- Ashanti mythology (Ghana)
- Dahomey (Fon) religion
- Bori
- Efik mythology (Nigeria, Cameroon)
- Serer religion
- Odinani (Nigeria, Cameroon)
- Isoko mythology (Nigeria)
- Yoruba religion (Nigeria, Benin)
- Central Africa
- Bushongo mythology (Congo)
- Bambuti (Pygmy) mythology (Congo)
- Lugbara religion (Congo)
- East Africa
- Akamba mythology (East Kenya)
- Dinka religion (Sudan)
- Lotuko mythology (Sudan)
- Masai mythology (Kenya, Tanzania)
- Malagasy mythology
- Oromo religion
- Southern Africa
- Khoisan religion
- Lozi mythology (Zambia)
- Tumbuka mythology (Malawi)
- Zulu religion (South Africa)
North American
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- Abenaki mythology
- Anishinaabe
- Blackfoot mythology
- Cherokee mythology
- Chickasaw mythology
- Choctaw mythology
- Creek mythology
- Crow mythology
- Ghost Dance
- Guarani mythology
- Haida mythology
- Ho-Chunk mythology (aka: Winnebago)
- Hopi mythology
- Inca mythology
- Indian Shaker Church
- Inuit mythology
- Iroquois mythology
- Keetoowah Nighthawk Society
- Kuksu
- Kwakiutl mythology
- Lakota mythology
- Leni Lenape mythology
- Longhouse religion
- Mapuche mythology
- Midewiwin
- Miwok
- Native American Church
- Navajo mythology
- Nootka mythology
- Ohlone mythology
- Olmec mythology
- Pomo mythology
- Pawnee mythology
- Salish mythology
- Selk'nam religion
- Seneca mythology
- Southeastern Ceremonial Complex
- Sun Dance
- Tsimshian mythology
- Urarina
- Ute mythology
- Wyandot religion
- Zuni mythology
Eurasian
- Asian
- Bathouism
- Benzhuism (indigenous religion of the Bai people)
- Bimoism (indigenous religion of the Yi people)
- Bon
- Chinese mythology
- Japanese mythology
- Korean shamanism
- Manchu shamanism
- Mun (Lepcha)
- Shamanism in Siberia
- Tengrism
- Ua Dab (indigenous religion of the Hmong people)
- Vietnamese folk religion
- European
- Estonian mythology
- Shamanism among Eskimo peoples
- Finnish mythology and Finnish paganism
- Shamanistic remnants in Hungarian folklore
- Sami shamanism
Oceania/Pacific
Cargo cults
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Historical polytheism
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Ancient Near Eastern
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Indo-European
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- Proto-Indo-Iranian religion
- Armenian mythology
- Baltic polytheism
- Celtic polytheism
- Germanic paganism
- Greek polytheism
- Hittite mythology
- Persian mythology
- Religion in ancient Rome
- Slavic mythology
Hellenistic
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Uralic
Mysticism and occult
Esotericism and mysticism
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- Anthroposophy
- Buddhist esoteric tradition
- Hindu mysticism
- Kabbalah
- Neoplatonism
- Pythagoreanism
- Sufism
- Theosophy
Western mystery tradition
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- Archeosophical Society
- Behmenism
- Builders of the Adytum
- Fraternitas Saturni
- Fraternity of the Inner Light
- Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn
- Hermeticism
- Martinism
- Ordo Aurum Solis
- Rosicrucian
- Servants of the Light
- Thelema
Occult and magic
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- Alchemy
- Ceremonial magic
- Chaos magic
- Hoodoo (folk magic) (Rootwork)
- Kulam - Filipino witchcraft
- Pow-wow (folk magic)
- Magick (Thelema)
- Contemporary witchcraft
Modern Paganism
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Syncretic
- Adonism
- Church of All Worlds
- Church of Aphrodite
- Feraferia
- Koshintō
- Neo-Druidism
- Neoshamanism
- Neo-völkisch movements
- Technopaganism
- Wicca
Ethnic
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- Armenian neopaganism
- Baltic neopaganism
- Celtic neopaganism
- Dievturība
- Estonian neopaganism
- Finnish neopaganism
- Germanic neopaganism
- Hellenism (religion)
- Italo-Roman neopaganism
- Kemetism
- Mari native religion
- Odinism
- Romuva (religion)
- Semitic neopaganism
- Slavic neopaganism
- Wotanism
- Zalmoxianism
New religious movements
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Race-based
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Black
- Ausar Auset Society
- Black Hebrew Israelites
- Nation of Gods and Earths
- Nation of Islam
- Nuwaubian Nation
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Moorish Science Temple of America
- Rastafari
White
New Thought
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- Christian Science
- Church of Divine Science
- Church Universal and Triumphant
- Religious Science
- Unity Church
- Jewish Science
- Seicho-no-Ie
Shinshukyo
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Left-hand path religions
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- Demonolatry
- Luciferianism
- Satanism
- LaVeyan Satanism
- Theistic Satanism
- Our Lady of Endor Coven (or Ophite Cultus Satanas)
- Temple of Set
Post-theistic and naturalistic religions
- Discordianism
- Dudeism
- Ethical movement
- Freethought
- Moorish Orthodox Church of America
- Naturalistic pantheism
- Religion of Humanity
- Syntheism
Fictional religions
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Parody or mock religions
- Church of Euthanasia
- Church of the SubGenius
- The Church of the Flying Spaghetti Monster
- Iglesia Maradoniana
- Invisible Pink Unicorn
- Jediism
- Kibology
- Landover Baptist Church
- Last Thursdayism
Others
- The Circle of Reason
- Cult of the Supreme Being
- Deism
- Fourth Way
- Goddess movement
- Humanism
- Open-source religion
- Spiritism (Spiritualism)
- Subud
- Universal Life Church
Other categorisations
By demographics
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By area
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- Religion in Africa
- Religion in Asia
- Religion in Australia
- Religion in Europe
- Religion in North America
- List of religions and spiritual traditions of Oceania/Pacific
- Religion in South America
- Religion by country
See also
- Civil religion
- List of Catholic rites and churches
- List of religious organizations
- Lists of people by belief
- Mythology
- Religious fundamentalism
- Shamanism
- Totemism
- Western esotericism
References
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External links
- Patheos World Religions library
- Statistics on religious belief or adherence
- BBC.co.uk section on major world religions
- ↑ (Clifford Geertz, Religion as a Cultural System, 1973)
- ↑ (Talal Asad, The Construction of Religion as an Anthropological Category, 1982.)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://www.parapsych.org/base/about.aspx
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Harvey, Graham (2000). Indigenous Religions: A Companion. (Ed: Graham Harvey). London and New York: Cassell. Page 06.
- ↑ Vergote, Antoine, Religion, belief and unbelief: a psychological study, Leuven University Press, 1997, p. 89
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1112. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ↑ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1001. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ↑ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 997. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ↑ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 1004. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Smith, Christian; Joshua Prokopy (1999). Latin American Religion in Motion. New York: Routledge, pp. 279-280. ISBN 978-0-415-92106-0
- ↑ Melton, J. Gordon (2003). Encyclopedia of American Religions (Seventh edition). Farmington Hills, Michigan: The Gale Group, Inc., p. 841. ISBN 0-7876-6384-0