Lithium chloride
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Names | |
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Preferred IUPAC name
Lithium chloride
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Systematic IUPAC name
Lithium(1+) chloride
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Identifiers | |
7447-41-8 ![]() |
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ChEBI | CHEBI:48607 ![]() |
ChEMBL | ChEMBL69710 ![]() |
ChemSpider | 22449 ![]() ![]() |
EC Number | 231-212-3 |
Jmol 3D model | Interactive image |
MeSH | Lithium+chloride |
PubChem | 433294 |
RTECS number | OJ5950000 |
UNII | G4962QA067 ![]() |
UN number | 2056 |
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Properties | |
ClLi | |
Molar mass | 42.39 g·mol−1 |
Appearance | white solid hygroscopic, sharp |
Density | 2.068 g/cm3 |
Melting point | 605–614 °C (1,121–1,137 °F; 878–887 K) |
Boiling point | 1,382 °C (2,520 °F; 1,655 K) |
68.29 g/100 mL (0 °C) 74.48 g/100 mL (10 °C) 84.25 g/100 mL (25 °C) 88.7 g/100 mL (40 °C) 123.44 g/100 mL (100 °C)[1] |
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Solubility | soluble in hydrazine, methylformamide, butanol, selenium(IV) oxychloride, propanol[1] |
Solubility in methanol | 45.2 g/100 g (0 °C) 43.8 g/100 g (20 °C) 42.36 g/100 g (25 °C)[2] 44.6 g/100 g (60 °C)[1] |
Solubility in ethanol | 14.42 g/100 g (0 °C) 24.28 g/100 g (20 °C) 25.1 g/100 g (30 °C) 23.46 g/100 g (60 °C)[2] |
Solubility in formic acid | 26.6 g/100 g (18 °C) 27.5 g/100 g (25 °C)[1] |
Solubility in acetone | 1.2 g/100 g (20 °C) 0.83 g/100 g (25 °C) 0.61 g/100 g (50 °C)[1] |
Solubility in liquid ammonia | 0.54 g/100 g (-34 °C)[1] 3.02 g/100 g (25 °C) |
Vapor pressure | 1 torr (785 °C) 10 torr (934 °C) 100 torr (1130 °C)[1] |
Refractive index (nD)
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1.662 (24 °C) |
Viscosity | 0.87 cP (807 °C)[1] |
Structure | |
Octahedral | |
Linear (gas) | |
7.13 D (gas) | |
Thermochemistry | |
48.03 J/mol·K[1] | |
Std molar
entropy (S |
59.31 J/mol·K[1] |
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH |
-408.27 kJ/mol[1] |
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)
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-384 kJ/mol[1] |
Vapor pressure | {{{value}}} |
Related compounds | |
Other anions
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Lithium fluoride Lithium bromide Lithium iodide |
Other cations
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Sodium chloride Potassium chloride Rubidium chloride Caesium chloride |
Supplementary data page | |
Refractive index (n), Dielectric constant (εr), etc. |
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Thermodynamic
data |
Phase behaviour solid–liquid–gas |
UV, IR, NMR, MS | |
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Infobox references | |
Lithium chloride is a chemical compound with the formula LiCl. The salt is a typical ionic compound, although the small size of the Li+ ion gives rise to properties not seen for other alkali metal chlorides, such as extraordinary solubility in polar solvents (83.05 g/100 mL of water at 20 °C) and its hygroscopic properties.[3]
Contents
Chemical properties
The salt forms crystalline hydrates, unlike the other alkali metal chlorides.[4] Mono-, tri-, and pentahydrates are known.[5] The anhydrous salt can be regenerated by heating the hydrates. Molten LiCl and LiCl-based mixtures react under a humid atmosphere to form lithium hydroxide and hydrogen chloride. Molten LiCl hydrolyzes to give LiOH and HCl.[6] LiCl also absorbs up to four equivalents of ammonia/mol. As with any other ionic chlorides, solutions of lithium chloride can serve as a source of chloride ion, e.g., forming a precipitate upon treatment with silver nitrate:
- LiCl + AgNO3 → AgCl + LiNO3
Preparation
Lithium chloride is produced by treatment of lithium carbonate with hydrochloric acid. It can in principle also be generated by the highly exothermic reaction of lithium metal with either chlorine or anhydrous hydrogen chloride gas. Anhydrous LiCl is prepared from the hydrate by heating with a stream of hydrogen chloride.
Uses
Lithium chloride is mainly used for the production of lithium metal by electrolysis of a LiCl/KCl melt at 450 °C (842 °F). LiCl is also used as a brazing flux for aluminium in automobile parts. It is used as a desiccant for drying air streams.[3] In more specialized applications, lithium chloride finds some use in organic synthesis, e.g., as an additive in the Stille reaction. Also, in biochemical applications, it can be used to precipitate RNA from cellular extracts.[7]
Lithium chloride is also used as a flame colorant to produce dark red flames.
Lithium chloride is used as a relative humidity standard in the calibration of hygrometers. At 25 °C (77 °F) a saturated solution (45.8%) of the salt will yield an equilibrium relative humidity of 11.30%. Additionally, lithium chloride can itself be used as a hygrometer. This deliquescent salt forms a self solution when exposed to air. The equilibrium LiCl concentration in the resulting solution is directly related to the relative humidity of the air. The percent relative humidity at 25 °C (77 °F) can be estimated, with minimal error in the range 10–30 °C (50–86 °F), from the following first order equation: RH=107.93-2.11C, where C is solution LiCl concentration, percent by mass.
Molten LiCl is used for the prepration of carbon nanotubes,[8] graphene[9] and lithium niobate.[10]
Precautions
Lithium salts affect the central nervous system in a variety of ways. While the citrate, carbonate, and orotate salts are currently used to treat bipolar disorder, other lithium salts including the chloride were used in the past. For a short time in the 1940s lithium chloride was manufactured as a salt substitute, but this was prohibited after the toxic effects of the compound were recognized.[11][12][13]
See also
References
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- Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 71st edition, CRC Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 1990.
- N. N. Greenwood, A. Earnshaw, Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd ed., Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, UK, 1997.
- R. Vatassery, titration analysis of LiCl, sat'd in Ethanol by AgNO3 to precipitate AgCl(s). EP of this titration gives %Cl by mass.
- H. Nechamkin, The Chemistry of the Elements, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lithium chloride. |
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- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 http://chemister.ru/Database/properties-en.php?dbid=1&id=614
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ulrich Wietelmann, Richard J. Bauer "Lithium and Lithium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2005, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.
- ↑ Holleman, A. F.; Wiberg, E. Inorganic Chemistry Academic Press: San Diego, 2001. ISBN 0-12-352651-5.
- ↑ Andreas Hönnerscheid, Jürgen Nuss, Claus Mühle, Martin Jansen "Die Kristallstrukturen der Monohydrate von Lithiumchlorid und Lithiumbromid" Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie, 2003, volume 629, p. 312-316.doi: 10.1002/zaac.200390049
- ↑ A.R.Kamali, D.J.Fray,C.Swandt, J Therm Anal Calorim (2011) 104:619–626 DOI 10.1007/s10973-010-1045-9
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.05.089
- ↑ Nanoscale , 2015,7, 11310
- ↑ DOI: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2013.07.085
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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- Chlorides
- Alkali metal chlorides
- Lithium compounds
- Metal halides
- Mood stabilizers
- Desiccants