Lithium orotate

Lithium orotate

File:Lithium-orotate-2D-skeletal.png
File:Lithium-orotate-from-xtal-3D-vdW.png
Clinical data
AHFS/Drugs.com	monograph
Pregnancy category	US: X (Contraindicated)
Legal status	OTC
Routes of administration	Oral
Identifiers
CAS Number	5266-20-6 Y
PubChem	CID: 23686432
ChemSpider	71254 N
Chemical data
Formula	C5H3LiN2O4
Molecular mass	162.03 g/mol
SMILES [Li+].O=C([O-])\C1=C\C(=O)NC(=O)N1
InChI InChI=1S/C5H4N2O4.Li/c8-3-1-2(4(9)10)6-5(11)7-3;/h1H,(H,9,10)(H2,6,7,8,11);/q;+1/p-1 N Key:IZJGDPULXXNWJP-UHFFFAOYSA-M N
NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Lithium orotate, is a salt of orotic acid and lithium. It is available as the monohydrate, LiC₅H₃N₂O₄·H₂O. In this compound, lithium is non-covalently bound to an orotate ion, rather than to a carbonate or other ion. It is marketed as a dietary supplement, though only barely researched between 1973-1986 to treat certain medical conditions, such as alcoholism, and Alzheimer's disease.

While lithium orotate is capable of providing lithium to the body, like lithium carbonate and other lithium salts, there are no systematic reviews supporting the efficacy of lithium orotate and it is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of any medical condition.

Effectiveness

In 1973, Nieper reported that lithium orotate contained 3.83 mg of elemental lithium per 100 mg and lithium carbonate contained 18.8 mg of elemental lithium per 100 mg Nieper went on to claim that lithium did not dissolve from the orotate carrier until it passed through the blood–brain barrier; however, a 1976 study documented that lithium concentrations within the brains of rats were not statistically different between equivalent dosages of lithium from lithium orotate, lithium carbonate, or lithium chloride. While this study was conducted with rats, it directly contradicts the aforementioned assumptions made by Nieper and others. The pharmacokinetics of lithium orotate in human brains is poorly documented and further inquiry is needed to affirm that lithium concentrations in the brain are higher with lithium orotate. Major medical research has not been conducted on lithium orotate since the 1980s due to its patent status and the abundant availability of lithium carbonate. As previously stated, lithium intake appears to be effective even at low doses, and this may account for lithium orotates claimed effectiveness.

Safety

A 1979 murine study states "The renal lithium clearance was significantly lower, the kidney weight and the lithium concentrations in serum, kidney and heart significantly higher after injection of lithium orotate than after injection of lithium carbonate". That study also concluded, "This data suggest the possibility that lower doses of lithium orotate than lithium carbonate may achieve therapeutic brain lithium concentrations and relatively stable serum concentrations."

Orotic acid can be mutagenic in mammalian somatic cells. It is also mutagenic for bacteria and yeast.

See also

• Lithium (medication)
• Lithium carbonate
• Lithium citrate
• Lithium aspartate