Malacology

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Malacology is the study of Mollusca, such as this bigfin reef squid.

Malacology[1] is the branch of invertebrate zoology that deals with the study of the Mollusca (mollusks or molluscs), the second-largest phylum of animals in terms of described species[2] after the arthropods. Mollusks include snails and slugs, clams, and cephalopods, along with numerous other kinds, many of which have shells. One division of malacology, conchology, is devoted to the study of mollusk shells. Malacology derives from Ancient Greek μαλακός (malakós), meaning "soft", and -λογία (-logía).

Fields within malacological research include taxonomy, ecology and evolution. Applied malacology studies medical, veterinary, and agricultural applications; for example, mollusks as vectors of disease, as in schistosomiasis.

Archaeology employs malacology to understand the evolution of the climate, the biota of the area, and the usage of the site.

In 1681, Filippo Bonanni wrote the first book ever published that was solely about seashells, the shells of marine mollusks.[3] The book was entitled: Ricreatione dell' occhio e dela mente nell oservation' delle Chiociolle, proposta a' curiosi delle opere della natura, &c.[4] In 1868, the German Malacological Society was founded.

Zoological methods are used in malacological research. Malacological field methods and laboratory methods (such as collecting, documenting and archiving, and molecular techniques) were summarized by Sturm et al. (2006).[5]

Malacologists

Main article: List of malacologists

Those who study malacology are known as malacologists. Those who study primarily or exclusively the shells of mollusks are known as conchologists.

Societies

Journals

More than 150 journals within the field of malacology are being published from more than 30 countries, producing an overwhelming amount of scientific articles.[8] They include:

Museums

Malacological Museum in Makarska, Croatia (entrance)

Museums that have either exceptional malacological research collections (behind the scenes) and/or exceptional public exhibits of mollusks:

See also

References

  1. ↑ From French malacologie, contraction of malacozoologie; from New Latin Malacozoa "zoological group including soft-bodied animals"; from Ancient Greek μαλακός (malakós), meaning "soft", and ζῷον (zôion), meaning "animal".
  2. ↑ "Home – Division of Invertebrate Zoology". Archived from the original on 2007-02-08. Retrieved 2007-02-08.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  3. ↑ "Buonanni's Chiocciole (1681)". ansp.org. Archived from the original on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 8 August 2009.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  4. ↑ (Italian) Bonanni F. 1681. Ricreatione dell' occhio e dela mente nell oservation' delle Chiociolle, proposta a' curiosi delle opere della natura, &c. 1681. Varese, Rome, xiv, 384 pp., 109 plates. figure 101.
  5. ↑ Charles F. Sturm; Timothy A. Pearce; Ángel Valdés (July 2006). The mollusks. Universal-Publishers. ISBN 978-1-58112-930-4.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  6. ↑ "Sociedade Brasileira de Malacologia". Archived from the original on 2015-04-14.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  7. ↑ "Sociedad de Malacolología de México A.C." Archived from the original on 2012-03-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  8. ↑ Bieler & Kabat, Malacological Journals and Newsletters, 1773–1990; The Nautilus 105(2):39–61, 1991 Archived 2018-05-09 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Tryon, George Washington, 1838–1888. "Details – American journal of conchology. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-09-30.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  10. ↑ "American Malacological Society". Archived from the original on 2010-12-03.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  11. ↑ "Archiv für Molluskenkunde (ISSN 1869-0963)". Archived from the original on 2013-01-29.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  12. ↑ "Archiv für Molluskenkunde: International Journal of Malacology".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  13. ↑ Basteria Archived 2015-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ The Bulletin of the Russian Far East Malacological Society Archived 2011-08-26 at the Wayback Machine
  15. ↑ Elsevier. "Fish and Shellfish Immunology". Archived from the original on 2010-01-12.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  16. ↑ GuppY. "Cernuelle – Folia Conchyliologica" (in français). Archived from the original on 2011-01-27.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  17. ↑ "Editorial SMP". Archived from the original on 2008-09-22.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  18. ↑ Folia Malacologica Archived 2009-02-01 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-07-18. Retrieved 2011-07-18.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  20. ↑ "Details – Journal de conchyliologie. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-10-27.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  21. ↑ "Journal de conchyliologie – 77 années disponibles – Gallica". Archived from the original on 2016-02-16.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  22. ↑ "Journal of Conchology – The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  23. ↑ "Journal of Medical and Applied Malacology". Archived from the original on 2010-07-29.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  24. ↑ "Malacologica Bohemoslovaca" (in English and čeština). Archived from the original on 2008-04-20.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  25. ↑ "Malacological Review". Archived from the original on 2012-07-03.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  26. ↑ [1][permanent dead link]
  27. ↑ Menke, Karl Theodor, 1791–1861. "Details – Zeitschrift für Malakozoologie. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-17.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  28. ↑ Clessin, Steph., 1833–. "Details – Malakozoologische Blätter. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-15.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  29. ↑ "Mollusca Journal – 2007 to 2009 – The Last Issue – Senckenberg Naturhistorische Sammlungen Dresden". Archived from the original on 2008-10-11.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  30. ↑ "Molluscan Research – online contents".<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  31. ↑ General Information. accessed 6 December 2010].
  32. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-03-29. Retrieved 2017-03-28.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  33. ↑ "Occasional Molluscan Papers" Archived 2015-08-22 at the Wayback Machine. last change 2 December 2014, accessed 23 August 2016.
  34. ↑ Harvard University. Museum of Comparative Zoology. "Details – Occasional papers on mollusks. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". Archived from the original on 2017-07-20.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  35. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2011-02-07. Retrieved 2011-04-24.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  36. ↑ "Strombus online". www.conchasbrasil.org.br. Archived from the original on 26 October 2012. Retrieved 5 April 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  37. ↑ "TENTACLE". Archived from the original on 2010-06-03.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  38. ↑ "Details – The Conchologist. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Archived from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  39. ↑ "Details – The Journal of malacology. – Biodiversity Heritage Library". www.biodiversitylibrary.org. Archived from the original on 12 January 2016. Retrieved 5 April 2018.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  40. ↑ Official site of The Festivus Archived 2009-10-26 at the Wayback Machine
  41. ↑ "THE NAUTILUS. A Quarterly Devoted to Malacology". shellmuseum.org. Archived from the original on 30 November 2010. Retrieved 6 December 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  42. ↑ "THE VELIGER". Archived from the original on 2008-05-01. Retrieved 2008-04-21.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  43. ↑ "Journal Impact Factor 2003". sciencegateway.org. Retrieved 6 December 2010.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  44. ↑ "CiNii Articles – 貝類学雑誌Venus : the Japanese journal of malacology" (in 日本語). Archived from the original on 2009-12-26.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  45. ↑ Vita marina. Stichting Biologia Maritima (Netherlands). 'S Gravenhage. OCLC 13862636.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Further reading

  • Cox L. R. & Peake J. F. (eds.). Proceedings of the First European Malacological Congress. September 17–21, 1962. Text in English with black-and-white photographic reproductions, also maps and diagrams. Published by the Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland and the Malacological Society of London in 1965 with no ISBN.
  • Heppel D. (1995). "The long dawn of Malacology: a brief history of malacology from prehistory to the year 1800." Archives of Natural History 22(3): 301–319.

External links

Media related to Malacology at Wikimedia Commons

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