Martha Carrier (Salem witch trials)

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Martha Ingalls Carrier
SalemWitchcraftTrial
An 1876 illustration of the courtroom were Martha was convicted of witchcraft.
Born Between 1643 and 1650
Andover, Massachusetts
Died 19 August 1692 (aged 42-49)
Salem Village, Province of Massachusetts Bay
Cause of death Execution by hanging
Monuments The Twenty benches
Residence Salem Village, Province of Massachusetts Bay
Nationality American
Occupation Housewife
Known for Convicted of witchcraft in the Salem witch trials
Spouse(s) Thomas Morgan (1674–1692; her death)
Children 8

Martha Ingalls Carrier (born Allen) (between 1643 and 1650 – 19 August 1692) was a Puritan Feminist and was accused and convicted of being a witch during the 1692 Salem witch trials.[1]

Early life

Martha Ingalls Carrier was born as Martha Allen between 1643 and 1650 to Andrew Allen (1623–1690), one of the original 23 settlers of Andover and Faith Ingalls (1623–1690) in Andover, Massachusetts. She was the eldest of six and had three younger sisters named Mary (1644–1695), Sarah (1646–1716) and Hannah (1652–1698) and two younger brothers named Andrew (1657–1690) and John (1661–1690). Her family was one of the founding families of Andover.[2]

On 7 May 1674 when she was 7 months pregnant with her eldest child, she married Thomas Carrier (1630–1739) who was a recently arrived 7 foot tall Welsh bondservant. After the marriage, they relocated to neighboring Billerica which was located about ten miles southwest of Andover and lived in the north part of town near John Rogers and her sister Mary. She had a total of 8 children:[3]

They however returned to Andover in 1688 where they lived in poverty and were dependent on the family farm to supply them with a living. Martha nursed her father and two brothers when an outbreak of smallpox spread through the city in 1690, but could not save them. Thereby she became a land owner in her own right. Her husband and four of her children also contracted the disease, however her husband and two of her children survived the disease. They were however accused of bringing the disease to the city, but investigation has revealed that the disease was most likely caused by new immigrants from England. Thirteen people perished during the epidemic including two of Martha's children and the Carriers were barred from entering public places.[4]

A map of Salem Village (1692)

Her husband was described as a man of good humor and cheerful disposition, but he was prone to laziness and indolence. Which meant that on top of the usual chores of a Puritan housewife, Martha also took on many of her husband's duties which made her stand out and resemble a feminist in some sort. Most notably is that she insisted on arguing and bargaining with male neighbors, something unusual in the strictly stratified society of early colonial America.

The Salem witch trials

Accusations and arrest

Martha was accused of witchcraft in May 1692 by a group of young women known as the Salem Girls who consisted of Susanna Sheldon, Mary Walcott, Elizabeth Hubbard and Ann Putnam Jr, who would travel through Essex County, Massachusetts rooting out suspected witches by engaging in a theatrical display. Whether the court actually believed this act is still open to debate, but what is known is that when Martha was confronted by the girls, she acted as any rational person would when faced with their wild behavior. The girls accused her of leading a 300 strong witch army, using her occult powers to murder and afflict people with terrible diseases and of being promised the dubious position of Queen of Hell. Martha vehemently denied these charges and in turn charged her accusers with insanity.[5]

Some however believe that she was accused of witchcraft because she was a niece of the Reverent Francis Dane of Andover who condemned the witch hunts and trials. Evidence points out that over one third of the Salem accused were related to him or his wife in some way. Other historians have blamed her accusation on causes ranging from a conspiracy against Andover's proprietary families to reaction against threats to patriarchal inheritance.

A warrant was signed for Martha's arrest and she was arrested on 28 May 1692 along with her sister Mary and brother-in-law Roger Toothaker and their daughter Margaret Toothaker (born 1683). Martha's young children were sent to prison with her, apparently in hopes that their confinement would cause her to confess. The first accused "witch" in Andover, Martha was accused of witchcraft by her neighbor Benjamin Abbot after he fell sick and blamed his illness on her bewitching himthey after they had gotten into an argument that involved a land dispute. She was taken to jail and placed in chains to keep her spirit from roaming. Three days later, Martha underwent the examination that always preceded the witchcraft trials, but she maintained her innocence.[6]

Trial and conviction

Martha's trial started on 31 May 1692 and she was transported to the Salem Village Meeting House to face the accusing girls, overviewed by judges John Hathorne, Jonathan Corwin, and Bartholomew Gedney. When Martha entered the room, the girls fell to the floor, writhing with cries of agony.[7]

File:SalemWitchcraftTrial.jpg
The Salem Village Meeting House served as the courtroom during the trial.

Neighbors were summoned to air their grievances and all of which seemed petty and unimpressive yet almost believable. Compared to the original tales of rebellions and murder and more about personal revenge with no consideration of the human life at stake. One local witness even complained that Martha’s craft caused him to lose a fistfight to her son Richard. Several other women who were also accused confessed that Martha had led them to practice witchcraft. Ann Foster said she rode on a stick with Martha to Salem Village, her nephew Allen Toothaker testified that he lost two of his livestock, attributing their deaths to Martha. Samuel Preston blamed the death of one of his cows on Martha stating that they'd had a disagreement and she'd placed a hex on the animal. Other Andover citizens used her as a scapegoat for their supposed witchcraft and she soon became the principal name mentioned whenever a new person was accused.[8]

On June 28, 1692, a summons for witnesses against Martha included Samuel Preston Jr, Phoebe Chandler and John Rogers. Phoebe Chandler (born 1681) testified by claiming: I was struck deaf, and could hear no prayer, nor singing, till the last two or three words of the singing" during a Sabbath Day meeting.[9]

During the trial, the Salem Girls screamed before the court that they could see the ghosts of the thirteen Andover smallpox victims.

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It is false and a shame for you to mind what these say, that are out of their wits!

Martha Carrier's response to the accusations of the Salem Girls during her trial, 2 August 1692.

Her trial was also fully transcribed at the direction of Cotton Mather, who believed this case to represent the strongest case for the use of spectral evidence. The evidence he found persuasive was the testimony of Martha's 18-year-old son Richard Carrier and her 7 year old daughter Sarah Carrier that she made them become witches to haunt others at her direction. However, John Proctor wrote governor William Phips that he witnessed these children's torture in the jail where he was also imprisoned. The children were reportedly hung by their heels "until the blood was ready to come out of their noses" or until they said what their interrogators wanted to hear.[10]

Throughout all this, Martha remained defiant and stubborn. She did not confess while many others around her did so she might save her life. There is a possibility that she simply did not expect the outcome of the trials would lead to her execution, as she was one of the first Andover citizens accused and clearly believed the proceedings were a ridiculous invention of a group of adolescents. Others, seeing the punishment meted out to Martha, quickly confessed to outrageously trumped up charges, often naming Martha as a principal ringleader in return for clemency. It is possible that Martha may have possessed a special kind of courage in refusing to falsely implicate other members of the community. She even accused the court of complicity in her plotting.[11]

Reverend Cotton Mather (1663–1728) was a key figure during the trial and called Martha a rampant hag.

In refusing to submit to the wishes of the unanimously male judges, reverends and politicians who gave the hysteria legitimacy. Martha did something women in Puritan America rarely dared: she stood up to male authority figures wielding not only physical power, but spiritual authority and she spoke her mind.[12]

Her actions against the court however didn't save her as she, another woman and four other men were found guilty by the court for witchcraft and sentenced to death by hanging on 5 August 1692. The harsh sentence of death handed down to witches refusing to confess reflected the threat to the status quo evident in Martha’s act of protest. It could be argued that Martha Carrier was not only an early feminist, but also a martyr defending her rights and honor against false accusation and tyranny.[13]

Martha's execution

On 19 August 1692, Martha was taken in the back of a cart to Gallows Hill in Salem. Cheering crowds lined the streets and gathered at the scaffold to witness the hanging of Martha and the four men who were also convicted of witchcraft. Martha however never gave up as even from the scaffold, her voice was heard asserting her innocence refusing to confess to a falsehood so filthy. Her body was dragged to a common grave between the rocks about two feet deep where she joined the bodies of Reverend George Burroughs and John Willard.[14]

Aftermath

In 1711, her family received a small amount of recompense from the Massachusetts government for her conviction: 7 pounds and 6 shillings. The Massachusetts government also apologized to Thomas Carrier for the hanging of his wife and reversed the conviction. The Salem documents themselves even reveal that her crime was not witchcraft but an independence of mind and an unsubmissive character.[15]

Legacy

Martha Carrier is viewed as one of the earliest feminists in America and has inspired hundreds of people. Martha was an outspoken women in an era when women were meant to be quite and docile. Twenty benches stand in a Memorial for the victims in a downtown park in Salem, one for each who were killed in the hysteria.[16]

The Salem Witch Trials Memorial Park in Salem

See also

References

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Sources

  • Boyer, Paul and Stephen Nissenbaum. (1993) Salem Village Witchcraft: A Documentary Record of Local Conflict in Colonial New England. Boston: Northeastern University Press.
  • Hansen, Chadwick. (1969). Witchcraft at Salem. New York, NY: George Braziller.
  • Roach, Marilynne K. (2002). The Salem Witch Trials. New York: Taylor Trade Publishing.
  • Upham, Charles (1980). Salem Witchcraft. New York: Frederick Ungar Publishing Co.
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