Mechanical metamaterial
Mechanical metamaterials are artificial structures with mechanical properties defined by their structure rather than their composition. They can be seen as a counterpart to the rather well-known family of optical metamaterials and include acoustic metamaterials as a special case of vanishing shear. Their mechanical properties can be designed to have values which cannot be found in nature.
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Examples of mechanical metamaterials
Acoustic / phononic metamaterials
Acoustic or phononic metamaterials can exhibit acoustic properties not found in nature, such as negative effective bulk modulus,[1] negative effective mass density,[2][3] or double negativity.[4][5] They find use in (mostly still purely scientific) applications like acoustic subwavelength imaging,[6] superlensing,[7] negative refraction [8] or transformation acoustics.[9][10]
Materials with negative Poisson's ratio (auxetics)
Poisson's ratio defines how a material expands (or contracts) transversely when being compressed longitudinally. While basically all known natural materials have a positive Poisson's ratio (coinciding with our intuitive idea that by compressing a material it must expand in the orthogonal direction), metamaterials with a Poisson's ratio below zero have been fabricated in 2D as well as in 3D.[11][12] Simple designs of composites possessing negative Poisson's ratio (inverted hexagonal periodicity cell) were published in 1985.[13] [14] Herringbone-based folded sheet materials can have negative Poisson's ratio.[15]
Publications related to mechanical metamaterials incluce,[16][17][18] and.[19]
Metamaterials with negative longitudinal and volume compressibility transitions
In a closed thermodynamic system in equilibrium, both the longitudinal and volumetric compressibility are necessarily non-negative because of stability constraints. For this reason, when tensioned, ordinary materials expand along the direction of the applied force. It has been shown, however, that metamaterials can be designed to exhibit negative compressibility transitions, during which the material undergoes contraction when tensioned (or expansion when pressured).[20] When subjected to isotropic stresses, these metamaterials also exhibit negative volumetric compressibility transitions. In this class of metamaterials, the negative response is along the direction of the applied force, which distinguishes these materials from those that exhibit negative transversal response (such as in the study of negative Poisson's ratio).
Pentamode metamaterials or meta-fluids
A pentamode metamaterial is an artificial three-dimensional structure which, despite being a solid, ideally behaves like a fluid. Thus, it has a finite bulk but vanishing shear modulus, or in other words it is hard to compress yet easy to deform. Speaking in a more mathematical way, pentamode metamaterials have an elasticity tensor with only one non-zero eigenvalue and five (penta) vanishing eigenvalues.
Pentamode structures have been proposed theoretically by G. W. Milton in 1995 [21] but have not been fabricated until early 2012.[22] According to theory, pentamode metamaterials can be used as the building blocks for materials with completely arbitrary elastic properties.[21] Anisotropic versions of pentamode structures are a candidate for transformation elastodynamics and elastodynamic cloaking.
References
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- ↑ G.E. Stavroulakis: Auxetic behaviour: Appearance and engineering applications. Physica Status Solidi (b), 242(3), 710-720, 2005.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Nicolaou Z. G. and Motter A. E., Mechanical metamaterials with negative compressibility transitions, Nature Materials 11, 608-613 (2012).
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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