Mek'ele

Mekelle (መቐለ)
City
Mekele View
Flag
Nickname(s): The Northern star (ሰሜናዊት ኾኸብ)
Motto: ፀብቅለይ መቐለ (Beautify Meklle)
Mekelle (መቐለ) Location within Ethiopia
Coordinates:
Country	Ethiopia
Region	Tigray
Zone	Debubawi (Southern)
Area
• Total	24.44 km2 (9.44 sq mi)
Elevation	2,084 m (6,837 ft)
Population (2012)
• Total	219,818
• Density	9,000/km2 (23,000/sq mi)
Time zone	EAT (UTC+03:00)
Area code(s)	(+251) 34
Website	Official website other websites = http://www.mekellecity.com/mekelle.asp

Mekelle (Tigrinya: መቐለ^?, Amharic: መቐለ or መቀሌ^?), also transliterated as Makale or Meqele, is the capital city in the northern Tigray Region of Ethiopia. It is located around 780 kilometers north of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, at a latitude and longitude of , with an elevation of 2084 meters above sea level. Administratively, Mekelle is considered a Special Zone, which is divided into seven sub-cities. These are Adi Haki (ዓዲ ሓቂ), Ayder (ዓይደር), Hadinet (ሓድነት), Hawelti (ሓወልቲ), Kedamay Weyane (ቀዳማይ ወያነ), Quiha (ኲሓ), and Semien (ሰሜን). This places the city in between the Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa chartered cities (astedader akabibi, equivalent to a kilil), as well as the Axum and Adigrat woredas. The city is an economic, cultural, and political hub in the Northern region of the country.

Overview

(1890) YOHANNES IV KING OF ETHIOPIA

Adi Haki open Market in Mekelle.

Mekelle is one of Ethiopia's principal economic and educational centers. Intercity bus service is provided by the Selam Bus Line Share Company and its city bus service provided by Amora buses. A new international standard airport, Alula Aba Nega Airport (ICAO code HAMK, IATA MQX), awas opened and it has direct flights from the capital city of Sudan, Khartoum. Local industry includes Mesfin Industrial Engineering, a steel fabrication and manufacturing factory which also have car assembly line and Messebo Cement Factory, northern Ethiopia's principal cement production facility; both are companies owned and managed by the Endowment Fund for the Rehabilitation of Tigray (EFFORT). In May 2000, Mekelle University was created by the merger of Mekelle Business College and Mekelle University College, and a number of private Colleges and Universities located in the city are providing diploma and bachelor's degree programs.

There are two primary local landmarks in this city. The Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) monument commemorating the struggle against and overthrow of the Derg, is visible from any where in the city - pictured below. The monument is above 50m heigh, standing on a large mound which makes the monument appear bigger than its actual size.

Yohannes IV palace

The other is the palace of Yohannes IV at the center of Mekelle. It was built at the Emperor's command by Giacomo Naretti, who had served Yohannes already at Debre Tabor, with the assistance of William Schimper, and completed in 1884. The complex still stands and now serves as a museum, where the Emperor’s throne, royal bed, ceremonial dress, rifles and many other valuable historical collections can be seen.

Other notable landmarks include the churches Enda Gabir, Enda Yesus Mekelle Bete Mengist, Mekelle Iyesus, Mekelle Maryam, Mekelle Selassie, and Mekelle Tekle Haymanot. Trans Ethiopia and Guna Trading are the local football teams from the city; both have been competing in the Ethiopian Premier League. A local market has been held every Monday since at least 1890.

History

According to local historians Mekelle was founded in the 13th century. Mekelle was one of the major cities of Enderta province alongside Entalo. Mekelle's heyday came later during the late nineteenth century, after Yohannes IV was crowned as King of Kings of Ethiopia, and chose Mekelle as the capital of his realm. It was here that his son and heir, Ras Araya Selassie, died of smallpox in June 1888 while assembling an army to support his father. After Yohannes' death at the Battle of Metemma, his successor Emperor Menelik II came to Mekelle 23 February 1890, where he accepted the submission of the nobles of Tigray—except for Mangesha Yohannes who had made an appointment to submit 20 days later.

Mekelle Alula Abanega Airport

The Italians occupied Mekelle from the beginning of the First Italo-Abyssinian War (late 1895) until they surrendered their half-completed fort built on the graveyard of the church of Enda Yesus in January 1896 following the conclusion of the Siege of Mekelle. The telegraph line the Italians constructed between 1902 and 1904 from Asmara south to Addis Ababa passed through the town, giving it a local telegraph office. Writing in the 1890s, Augustus B. Wylde described the Mekelle market, held on Mondays, as large in size, with the "largest salt market in all Abyssinia", and cattle of all sorts available.

Yohannes IV

During the Second Italo-Abyssinian War, the Italian forces of General Emilio De Bono captured Mekelle on 8 November 1935.

Mekelle was held by the rebels during the "Woyane Rebellion," against emperor Haile Selassie. After the capture of large swathes of the southern Tigrai, including the outskirts of Mekelle, the rebels had blocked the highway from Asmera - Addis Ababa 17 September 1943. The emperor's troops evacuated their fortified position at Inda Iyesus a few days later. However, the city was heavily bombed by British fighter jets under the command of the emperor which is believed to have deteriorated the morale of the rebels. The open market in the city has been completely destroyed, and is later named after the rebellion Woyane. The market is until now fenced with a chain of shops with concrete tops which has a grave shape to commemorate the people died in market due to the bombing. The emperors troops recovered Mekelle on 14 October, following the defeat of the Woyane in the Battle of Amba Alagi, but the fighting was so intense that when Thomas Pakenham visited the city in 1954, he found it "a bleak town in a bleak landscape. I was disturbed by the atmosphere. ... Many of the buildings were in ruins; and there were no new buildings to compensate as there had been in Gondar. I asked an old man in a bar why there was so much damage. He said that I should know; it was we who had bombed it."

Monument at Mekelle

In 1957, Yohannes IV School was one of 9 provincial secondary schools in Ethiopia (excluding Eritrea; that same year a 100-number telephone switchboard was installed at Mekelle. The next year, Mekelle was one of 27 places in Ethiopia ranked as a First Class Township.

When the Ethiopian Revolution exploded, Ras Mengesha Seyoum was governor in Mekelle. The Derg ordered him on October 1974 to the capital to face charges of corruption; instead he fled to the hills, where he founded a group that eventually became the Ethiopian Democratic Union.

During the 1983–85 famine in Ethiopia, Mekelle was notorious for the seven "hunger camps" around the city. These housed 75,000 refugees with 20,000 more waiting to enter; during March 1985, 50-60 people died in these seven camps every day. In February 1986, the TPLF released 1,800 political prisoners from the Mekelle prison in a daring military action. The operation was named "Agazi" after one of the founder fighters of the TPLF, who had been killed in the second year of the Ethiopian Civil War.

Martyrs' Memorial Monument (ሓወልቲ ሰማእታት) commemorating the war against the Derg overlooking the city.

In a series of offensives launched on 25 February 1988 TPLF fighters bypassed Mekelle but took control of Maychew, Korem and other places along the Dessie-Mekelle road, and by June 1988 TPLF controlled all of Tigray except the town of Mekelle and the territory a radius of 15 kilometers around the city. In response, the Derg had a number of villages around Mek'ele burned 4–5 June, which included Addi Gera, Bahri, Goba Zena, Grarot, Issala, and Rabea. It was not until 25 February 1989 that Mekelle was also occupied by the TPLF, after the government position in Tigray had collapsed.

On 5 June 1998 the Eritrean Air Force bombed Ayder School in Mekelle during the Eritrean-Ethiopian War killing twelve. A monument commemorates this event.

On 29 December 2002, a riot broke out between Ethiopian Orthodox and Adventist worshippers, over an Adventist prayer service being conducted in a stadium. Some Ethiopian Orthodox believers, upset by the display of public Adventist preaching, reportedly sparked the clashes by first throwing stones at Adventists gathered in the stadium, then by looting Adventist offices in the city. Police intervened to break up the riots, which resulted in five dead and three seriously injured. The police reported that 10 people were detained, but independent sources reported that the number was much larger.

The United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) headquarters was established in Mekelle in 2000 following the end of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War. Currently, tensions between Ethiopia and Eritrea are still high; therefore the UNMEE is still alert and active in Mekelle, as well as out of Mekelle.

Demographics

A map of the regions and zones of Ethiopia.

Based on the 2007 Census conducted by the Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA), this town has a total population of 215,914, of whom 104,925 are men and 110,989 women. Two largest ethnic groups reported in Semien Mi'irabawi were the Tigray (96.2%), and Amhara (2.26%); all other ethnic groups made up 1.54% of the population. Tigrinya is spoken as a first language by 95.55%, and Amharic by 3.18%; the remaining 1.27% spoke all other primary languages reported. 92.68% of the population said they were Orthodox Christians, and 6.03% were Muslim.

The 1994 national census reported a total population for Mekelle of 96,938, of whom 45,729 were men and 51,209 were women. The two largest ethnic groups reported in this town were the Tigrayan (96.5%), the Amhara (1.59%), foreigners from Eritrea (0.99%); all other ethnic groups made up 0.98% of the population. Tigrinya was spoken as a first language by 96.26%, and 2.98% spoke Amharic; the remaining 0.76% spoke all other primary languages reported. 91.31% of the population practiced Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity, and 7.66% were Muslim. Concerning education, 51.75% of the population were considered literate, which is more than the Zone average of 15.71%; 91.11% of children aged 7–12 were in primary school; 17.73% of the children aged 13–14 were in junior secondary school; and 52.13% of the inhabitants aged 15–18 were in senior secondary school. Concerning sanitary conditions, about 88% of the urban houses had access to safe drinking water at the time of the census, and about 51% had toilet facilities.

Geography

Waterfall on the Geba river, south of the village of Romanat, six kilometer northwest of Mekelle.

Climate

Climate is characterized by relatively high temperatures and evenly distributed precipitation throughout the year. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is "Aw" as all months average above 18 °C.

Climate data for Mekelle
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	23 (73)	24 (75)	25 (77)	26 (79)	27 (81)	27 (81)	23 (73)	23 (73)	25 (77)	24 (75)	23 (73)	22 (72)	24.3 (75.8)
Average low °C (°F)	16 (61)	17 (63)	18 (64)	19 (66)	20 (68)	20 (68)	18 (64)	17 (63)	18 (64)	17 (63)	16 (61)	15 (59)	17.6 (63.7)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	36 (1.4)	10 (0.4)	30 (1)	46 (1.8)	36 (1.4)	30 (1.2)	201 (7.9)	216 (8.5)	36 (1.4)	10 (0.4)	30 (1)	41 (1.6)	722 (28)
Source: Weatherbase

Transport

In 2015, Mekele is proposed to get a station on the new standard gauge railway system.

Education

Nejashi Ethio-Turkish International Schools has a Mekelle branch.

Twin towns - sister cities

• Ramla, Israel
• Bayburt, Turkey

See also

• Railway stations in Ethiopia

External links

• Ethiopian Treasures - The castle of Emperor Yohannes IV
• Cities of Ethiopia: Mekelle by John Graham (Addis Tribune, 12 October 2001)