Columbus, Georgia

Columbus, Georgia
Consolidated city-county
Columbus Consolidated Government
Downtown Columbus skyline on the banks of the Chattahoochee River
Seal
Nickname(s): The Fountain City or The Lowell of the South
Motto: What Progress Has Preserved
Location in Muscogee County and the state of Georgia
Columbus, Georgia Location in the United States
Coordinates:
Country	United States
State	Georgia
County	Muscogee
Founded	1828
Named for	Christopher Columbus
Government
• Mayor	Teresa Tomlinson
Area
• Total	220.8 sq mi (572 km2)
• Land	216.1 sq mi (592.1 km2)
• Water	4.7 sq mi (12.3 km2)
Elevation	243 ft (74 m)
Population (2010)
• Total	189,885
• Estimate (2014)	200,887
• Rank	US: 111th
• Density	861.4/sq mi (332.6/km2)
• MSA	316,554 (US: 154th)
• CSA	501,649 (89th)
Time zone	EST (UTC-5)
• Summer (DST)	EDT (UTC-4)
ZIP codes	31820, 31829, 31900-09, 31914, 31917, 31993-94, 31997-99
Area code(s)	706, 762
FIPS code	13-19007
GNIS feature ID	0331158
Airport	Columbus Airport- CSG
Website	City of Columbus

Columbus is a city in the U.S. state of Georgia and is the county seat of Muscogee County, with which it is consolidated. According to the 2013 estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau, Columbus has a population of 202,824 residents in the city and 316,554 in the Columbus-Phenix City metropolitan area. The metro area joins the nearby Alabama cities of Auburn and Opelika to form the Columbus-Auburn-Opelika Combined Statistical Area, which has an estimated population of 501,649. Situated at the heart of the Chattahoochee Valley, Columbus is Georgia's second-largest city and fourth-largest metropolitan area.

Columbus lies 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Atlanta. Fort Benning, home of the United States Army Infantry School and a major employer, is located south of the city in Chattahoochee County. Columbus is home to museums and tourism sites, including the National Infantry Museum, dedicated to the United States Army's Infantry Branch, as well as the longest urban whitewater rafting course in the world.

History

Beginnings

Downtown in 1880

Founded in 1828 by an act of the Georgia Legislature, Columbus was situated at the beginning of the navigable portion of the Chattahoochee River and on the last stretch of the Federal Road before entering Alabama. The city was named for Christopher Columbus, its founders likely influenced by the writings of Washington Irving. The plan for the city was drawn up by Dr. Edwin L. DeGraffenried, who placed the town on a bluff overlooking the river. Across the river, where Phenix City, Alabama is now located, Creek Indians lived until their removal in 1836.

The river served as Columbus's connection to the world, particularly connecting plantations with the international cotton market via New Orleans and ultimately Liverpool, England. The city's commercial importance increased in the 1850s with the arrival of the railroad. In addition, textile mills began springing up along the river, bringing industry to an area reliant upon agriculture. By 1860, the city was one of the more important industrial centers of the South, earning it the nickname "the Lowell of the South" in deference to the industrial textile mill town in Massachusetts which is also along a river.

Civil War and Reconstruction

Main article: Battle of Columbus (1865)

Redd House, Columbus, Historic American Buildings Survey

When the Civil War broke out in 1861, the industries of Columbus expanded their production and Columbus became one of the most important centers of industry in the Confederacy. During the war, Columbus ranked second to Richmond in the manufacture of supplies for the Confederate army. In addition to textiles, the city had an ironworks, a sword factory, and a shipyard for the Confederate Navy.

Unaware of Lee's surrender to Grant and the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, Union and Confederates clashed in the Battle of Columbus, Georgia, on Easter Sunday, April 16, 1865, when a Union detachment under General James H. Wilson attacked the city and burned many of the industrial buildings. The inventor of Coca-Cola, Dr. John Stith Pemberton, was wounded in this battle. The owner of America's last slave ship, Col. Charles Augustus Lafayette Lamar, was also killed here. A historic marker has been erected in Columbus marking the battle by Wilson's troops as the "Last Land Battle in the War from 1861 to 1865."

Reconstruction began almost immediately and prosperity followed. Factories such as the Eagle and Phenix Mills were revived and the industrialization of the town led to rapid growth; the city outgrew its original plan. The Springer Opera House was built on 10th Street, attracting such notables as Oscar Wilde. The Springer is now the official State Theater of Georgia.

By the time of the Spanish American War, the city saw much modernization, including the addition of trolleys extending to outlying neighborhoods such as Rose Hill and Lakebottom, and a new water works. Mayor Lucius Chappell also brought a training camp for soldiers to the area. This training camp named Camp Benning would grow into present-day Fort Benning, named for General Henry L. Benning, a native of the city.

Downtown Columbus in the early 1950s

Confederate Memorial Day

Main article: Confederate Memorial Day

In the spring of 1866 the Ladies Memorial Association of Columbus passed a resolution to set aside one day annually to memorialize the Confederate dead. The secretary of the association, Mrs. Charles J. (Mary Ann) Williams was directed to author a letter inviting the ladies of every Southern state to join them in the observance. The letter was written in March 1866 and was sent to all of the principal cities in the South, including Atlanta, Macon, Montgomery, Memphis, Richmond, St. Louis, Alexandria, Columbia, and New Orleans.

The date for the holiday was selected by Elizabeth "Lizzie" Rutherford Ellis. She chose April 26, the first anniversary of Confederate General Johnston's final surrender to Union General Sherman at Bennett Place, North Carolina. For many in the South, that act marked the official end of the Civil War.

In 1868, General John A. Logan, commander in chief of the Union Civil War Veterans Fraternity called the Grand Army of the Republic (GAR), launched the Memorial Day holiday that is currently observed in the entire United States. According to General Logan's wife, he emulated the practices of Confederate Memorial Day. She wrote that Logan "said it was not too late for the Union men of the nation to follow the example of the people of the South in perpetuating the memory of their friends who had died for the cause they thought just and right."

20th Century

With the expansion of the city, the need for a university saw the establishment of Columbus College, a two-year institution which would later grow into Columbus State University, now a comprehensive center of higher learning.

The city became consolidated in 1971 and became the first of its kind in Georgia (and one of only 16 in the U.S. at the time).

As the city has turned from its initial industry of textiles, it has provided a home for other prominent industries including the headquarters for Aflac, Synovus, TSYS and Carmike Cinemas.

The Muscogee County Courthouse in 1941, which was demolished in 1970.

During the 1960s, 1970s and 1980s, urban blight, white flight, and prostitution were serious problems in much of downtown Columbus and adjacent neighborhoods. Early efforts to halt the gradual deterioration of downtown began with the saving and restoration of the Springer Opera House in 1965. With the revitalization of the Springer and its subsequent designation as the State Theatre of Georgia, a historic preservation movement was sparked and various historic districts were established in and around downtown. Through the late 1960s and early 1970s, large neighborhoods were built to accompany the soldiers coming back from the Vietnam War and for over from Ft. Benning. These range from Wesley woods to Leesburg to Brittney and Willowbrook and the high end Sears woods and Windsor park. Large tracts of blighted areas were cleaned up and a modern Columbus Consolidated Government Center was constructed in the city center. A significant period of urban renewal and revitalization followed in the mid to late 1990s.

With these improvements, residents and businesses began moving back to formerly blighted areas. Examples of these municipal projects including the construction of a softball complex which hosted the 1996 Olympic softball competition, construction of the Chattahoochee RiverWalk along the Chattahoochee River, construction of the National Civil War Naval Museum at Port Columbus, construction of the Coca-Cola Space Science Center, the expansion of the Columbus Museum, and road improvements to include a new downtown bridge crossing the Chattahoochee River to Phenix City. During the late 1990s, commercial activity expanded north of downtown along the I-185 corridor.

21st century

File:Seal of Columbus, Georgia.jpg

Alternate seal

During the 2000s, expansion and historic preservation continued throughout the city. An example of this is the revitalization of South Commons, an area which combines the 1996 Olympic softball competition complex, A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium, Golden Park, the Columbus Civic Center, and the recently added Jonathan Hatcher Skateboard Park into a single complex area. Another addition to the city is the National Infantry Museum in South Columbus, located just outside the Fort Benning main gate.

Columbus has also established itself as a center for the fine and performing arts. RiverCenter for the Performing Arts, which opened in 2002, houses Columbus State University's music department. In 2002 Columbus State's art and drama departments moved to downtown locations. Such initiatives have provided Columbus with a cultural niche and with vibrant and modern architecture mixed among older brick facades.

The "Ready to Raft 2012" campaign is a project that created an estimated 700 new jobs and is projected to bring in $42 million annually to the Columbus area. The project resulted in the longest urban whitewater rafting venue in the world. This, in addition to other outdoor and non-outdoor tourist attractions, led to around 1.8 million visitors coming to Columbus during the fiscal year 2015, according to the Columbus Convention and Visitors Bureau.

In upcoming years, it is predicted that there will be an additional 30,000 soldiers trained at Fort Benning each year due to base realignment and closure. As a result of this, Columbus is expected to see a major population increase.

Geography

Downtown panorama (1840)

Columbus is one of Georgia's three Fall Line Cities, along with Augusta and Macon. The fall line is where the hilly lands of the Piedmont plateau meet the flat terrain of the coastal plain. As such, Columbus has a varied landscape of rolling hills on the north side and flat plains on the south. The fall line causes rivers in the area to decline rapidly towards sea level, making it a good location for textile mills in the past. The Chattahoochee is the major river that runs through Columbus.

Interstate 185 runs east of the city and is the major thoroughfare through the city, with access from exits 1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, 12, and 14 to the city. Interstate 185 runs north 96 mi (154 km) to Atlanta. U.S. Route 27, U.S. Route 280, and Georgia State Route 520 (known as South Georgia Parkway) all meet in the interior of the city. U.S. Route 80 runs north of the city, locally known as J.R. Allen Parkway; Alternate U.S. Route 27 and Georgia State Route 85 run northeast from the city, locally known as Bill Heard Expressway.

The city is located at .

According to the US Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 221.0 square miles (572 km²), of which, 216.3 square miles (560 km²) of it is land and 4.7 square miles (12 km²) of it (2.14%) is water.

Climate

Columbus has a humid subtropical climate according to the Köppen climate classification system. Daytime summer temperatures often reaches a high in the mid 90s, and low temperatures in the winter average in the upper 30s. Columbus is often considered a dividing line or "natural snowline" of the southeastern United States with areas north of the city receiving snowfall annually, with areas to the south typically not receiving snowfall every year or at all. Columbus is within USDA hardiness zone 8b in the city center and zone 8a in the suburbs.

Climate data for Columbus, Georgia
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	83 (28)	83 (28)	89 (32)	94 (34)	97 (36)	106 (41)	105 (41)	104 (40)	100 (38)	96 (36)	86 (30)	82 (28)	106 (41)
Average high °F (°C)	57.5 (14.2)	61.9 (16.6)	69.5 (20.8)	76.7 (24.8)	84.0 (28.9)	90.0 (32.2)	92.2 (33.4)	91.4 (33)	86.4 (30.2)	77.3 (25.2)	68.4 (20.2)	59.2 (15.1)	76.2 (24.6)
Average low °F (°C)	36.8 (2.7)	40.2 (4.6)	46.1 (7.8)	52.5 (11.4)	61.9 (16.6)	69.7 (20.9)	72.9 (22.7)	72.4 (22.4)	66.7 (19.3)	55.6 (13.1)	46.1 (7.8)	38.9 (3.8)	55.0 (12.8)
Record low °F (°C)	−2 (−19)	10 (−12)	16 (−9)	28 (−2)	39 (4)	44 (7)	59 (15)	57 (14)	38 (3)	24 (−4)	10 (−12)	4 (−16)	−2 (−19)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.85 (97.8)	4.44 (112.8)	5.45 (138.4)	3.55 (90.2)	3.19 (81)	3.72 (94.5)	4.80 (121.9)	3.77 (95.8)	3.06 (77.7)	2.58 (65.5)	4.10 (104.1)	4.27 (108.5)	46.78 (1,188.2)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	0.2 (0.5)	0.1 (0.3)	0.3 (0.8)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0.1 (0.3)	0.7 (1.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.0	8.6	8.9	7.6	7.6	10.0	11.7	10.7	7.1	6.5	7.8	9.2	105.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	0.2	0	0.1	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0	0.1	0.4
Source: NOAA (normals 1981−2010), Weather Channel (record highs and lows)

Cityscape

One of Columbus' nicknames: "The Fountain City."

Main article: Neighborhoods in Columbus, Georgia

Columbus is divided into five geographic areas:

• Downtown, also called "Uptown", is the city's central business district, and home to multiple historic districts, homes, and churches, such as the Columbus Historic Riverfront Industrial District, the Mott House, and the Church of the Holy Family.
• East Columbus is a predominantly residential area located directly east of the central business district.

Fireworks in Downtown on July 4, 2009

• MidTown is a residential and commercial area consisting of multiple historic districts, as well as the corporate headquarters of Aflac.
• North Columbus is a diverse suburban area, home to established neighborhoods and subdivisions, such as upscale Green Island Hills. It also consists of multiple shopping and lifestyle areas.
• South Columbus is situated just below the MidTown region, and directly above Fort Benning. While home to the National Infantry Museum, a museum that honors the history of infantry forces in the U.S. Army, it also features the highest crime and poverty rates of any other Columbus geographic area.

Surrounding cities and towns

Main article: Columbus-Auburn-Opelika, GA-AL CSA

The Columbus Metropolitan Area includes four counties in Georgia, and one in Alabama. The Columbus-Auburn-Opelika, GA-AL Combined Statistical Area includes two additional counties in Alabama. CSA A 2013 Census estimate showed 316,554 in the metro area, with 501,649 in the combined statistical area.

Demographics

Historical population
Census	Pop.		%±
1830	1,152		—
1840	3,114		170.3%
1850	5,942		90.8%
1860	9,621		61.9%
1870	7,401		−23.1%
1880	10,123		36.8%
1890	17,303		70.9%
1900	17,614		1.8%
1910	20,554		16.7%
1920	31,125		51.4%
1930	43,131		38.6%
1940	53,280		23.5%
1950	79,611		49.4%
1960	116,779		46.7%
1970	155,028		32.8%
1980	169,441		9.3%
1990	178,681		5.5%
2000	186,291		4.3%
2010	189,885		1.9%
Est. 2014	200,887		5.8%
U.S. Decennial Census 2013 Estimate

Satellite image of Columbus

As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Columbus had a total population of 189,885, up from 186,291 in the 2000 Census. The 2010 Census reported 189,885 people, 72,124 households, and 47,686 families residing in the city. The population density was 861.4 people per square mile (332.6/km²). There were 82,690 housing units at an average density of 352.3 per square mile (136.0/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 46.3% White, 45.5% African American, 2.2% Asian, 0.2% Native American, 0.14% Pacific Islander, and 1.90% from other races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.4% of the population.

There were 69,819 households out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 19.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.7% were non-families. 26.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.08.

In the city the population was spread out with 25.6% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 29.8% from 25 to 44, 19.7% from 45 to 64, and 11.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 94.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.6 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $41,331, and the 2000 median income for a family was 41,244. Males had a median income of $30,238 versus $24,336 for females. The per capita income for the city was $22,514. About 12.8% of families and 15.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 22.0% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over.

Religion

Columbus contains approximately 200 Christian churches, with the Southern Baptist Convention being the largest denomination by number of churches. Columbus is also home to three Kingdom Halls for Jehovah's Witnesses, along with three mosques, two synagogues, and a Hindu temple.

Economy

Companies headquartered in Columbus include Aflac, Carmike Cinemas, TSYS, Realtree, Synovus, and the W. C. Bradley Co.

Top employers

According to Columbus's 2009 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, the top employers in the city are:

#	Employer	# of Employees
1	Fort Benning	41,462
2	Muscogee County School District	6,200
3	TSYS	4,300
4	Aflac	4,100
5	Columbus-Muscogee County Consolidated Government	2,933
6	Columbus Regional Healthcare System	2,700
7	Blue Cross Blue Shield of Georgia	1,540
8	Pezold Management	1,500
9	St. Francis Hospital	1,470
10	Synovus	1,021

Arts and culture

Points of interest

Museums

• Founded in 1953, the Columbus Museum (accredited by the American Alliance of Museums) contains artifacts on both American art and regional history, displayed in both its permanent collection as well as temporary exhibitions.
• Columbus is home to the National Civil War Naval Museum, a 40,000-square-foot (3,700 m2) facility that opened in 1962 and features two original American Civil War military vessels, uniforms, equipment and weapons used by the Union and Confederate navies.
• The Coca-Cola Space Science Center opened in 1996 for the purpose of public education in science, physics, and astronomy. It includes four flight simulators and a planetarium.
• The National Infantry Museum and Soldier Center opened in June 2009 and honors the service of Infantry forces in the United States Army. The museum includes displays related to the history of the Infantry from the founding of the nation to the present. It also has its own IMAX theatre.

Shopping

Columbus is served by one major indoor shopping mall, Peachtree Mall, which is anchored by major department stores Dillard's, Macy's, and J.C. Penney. The total retail floor area is 821,000 square feet (76,300 m2). Major strip malls include Columbus Park Crossing, which opened in 2003, and The Landings, which opened in 2005. Columbus is also served by The Shoppes at Bradley Park, a lifestyle center.

MidTown contains two of the city's early suburban shopping centers (the Village on 13th and St. Elmo), both recently renovated and offering local shops, restaurants, and services.

Major venues

Golden Park, Columbus' oldest baseball park

Below is the list of major venues in the city of Columbus:

• A. J. McClung Memorial Stadium, a football stadium. It was the site of the football games between the Georgia Bulldogs and the Auburn Tigers (the Deep South's Oldest Rivalry) from 1916 to 1958. It became the home of college football's Pioneer Bowl in December 2010, and hosts annual rivalry games between Tuskegee University and Morehouse College as well as between Albany State University and Fort Valley State University.
• The Bradley Theater, a performance theatre that opened in mid-1940 by Paramount Pictures.
• Columbus Civic Center, a 10,000-seat multi-purpose arena that opened in 1996 and is home to the Columbus Cottonmouths (SPHL) and the Columbus Lions (PIFL). It is also the primary arena used for concert events in Columbus.
• Golden Park, a 5,000 seat baseball stadium, is the former home to the Columbus Catfish. It was also the site of the softball events of the 1996 Summer Olympics that were held in the city of Columbus. It opened in 1926, making it the oldest baseball park in the city.
• RiverCenter for the Performing Arts, a 2,000-seat modern performance theatre that first opened in 2002 and is operated by the Columbus not-for-profit organization RiverCenter Inc. The theatre is commonly frequently used for local events, and occasionally used for nationally recognized performances.
• Springer Opera House, a historic live performance theater located in Downtown that opened in early 1871. Former United States President Jimmy Carter proclaimed it the State Theatre of Georgia for the 1971-72 season. The legislature made the designation permanent in 1992.

Historic districts

Columbus Historic Riverfront Industrial District

Main article: National Register of Historic Places listings in Muscogee County, Georgia

Columbus is home to 8 historic districts, all listed in the NRHP. They are as follows:

• Bibb City Historic District
• Columbus Historic District
• Columbus Historic Riverfront Industrial District
• Dinglewood Historic District
• Peacock Woods-Dimon Circle Historic District
• Weracoba-St. Elmo Historic District
• Wynn's Hill-Overlook-Oak Circle Historic District
• Wynnton Village Historic District

Sports

Club	Sport	League	Venue
Columbus Cottonmouths	Ice hockey	Southern Professional Hockey League	Columbus Civic Center
Columbus Lions	Indoor football	American Indoor Football	Columbus Civic Center

Parks and recreation

File:Flatrockpark.jpg

Flat Rock Park

Main article: List of parks in Columbus, Georgia

Hunter Katich [2]

Columbus is home to upwards of fifty parks, four recreation centers, four senior centers and parks, and Standing Boy Creek State Park.

Walking trails

• The Chattahoochee RiverWalk is a 15-mile (24 km) walking/bike trail that connects users from Downtown to South Columbus and the northern section of Fort Benning.
• The Columbus Fall Line Trace is a fitness trail that runs from Downtown to the northeastern section of the city.
• The Black Heritage Trail is a National Recreation Trail of historic and cultural significance.

Whitewater kayaking, rafting and zip-line

The Chattahoochee River white water opened in 2012. After the Eagle & Phenix Dam was breached, river flow was restored to natural conditions allowing the course to be created. The 2.5-mile (4.0 km) course is the longest urban whitewater rafting & kayaking in the world, and has been ranked the world's best manmade whitewater course by USA Today. It also features the Blue Heron Adventure, a zip-line connecting users from the Georgia side of the river to the Alabama side.

Law and Government

Columbus Consolidated Government Center

Elected Officials

Mayor

• Teresa Tomlinson

City Council

• Jerry Barnes (District 1)
• Glenn Davis (District 2)
• Bruce Huff (District 3)
• Evelyn Turner-Pugh (District 4)
• Mike Baker (District 5)
• R. Gary Allen (District 6)
• Evelyn Woodson (District 7)
• C. E. McDaniel (District 8)
• Judy Thomas (District 9)
• Berry "Skip" Henderson (District 10)

District Attorney

• Julia Slater

Sheriff

• John Darr (2008)

Tax Commissioner

• Lula Huff

Clerk of Court

• Linda Pierce

Crime

Columbus
Crime rates (2013)
Crime type	Rate*
Homicide:	22
Robbery:	481
Aggravated assault:	483
Total violent crime:	1,022
Burglary:	3,355
Larceny-theft:	8,012
Motor vehicle theft:	1,108
Arson:	37
Total property crime:	12,475
Notes * Number of reported crimes per 100,000 population. 2013 population: 201,165
Source: 2013 FBI UCR Data

For 2012, Columbus had an overall crime rate of 441.9 per 100,000 residents; this exceeds the national average of 301.1 crimes per 100,000 people by over 75%.

The rate for violent crimes was 620.8 per 100,000, compared to the national average of 301.1 per 100,000; murders and robberies exceeded the national average, while rapes and aggravated assaults were below the national average. Property-crime rates, such as burglaries, larceny and motor vehicle thefts, significantly exceeded the national average (7,229.8 in Columbus, compared to the national average of 3,906.1).

Education

Primary and secondary education

The Muscogee County School District holds pre-school to grade twelve, and consists of thirty-five elementary schools, twelve middle schools, and nine high schools. The district has 2,068 full-time teachers and over 32,944 students.

Libraries

Columbus Public Library

Columbus is served by four branches of the Chattahoochee Valley Libraries:

• Columbus Public Library
• Mildred L. Terry Public Library
• North Columbus Public Library
• South Columbus Public Library

Higher education

Public

• Columbus State University
• Columbus Technical College
• Georgia Military College - main campus in Milledgeville, Georgia
• Troy University - main campus in Troy, Alabama

Private, for profit

• Christian Life School of Theology
• Miller-Motte Technical College - main campus in Wilmington, North Carolina
• Rivertown School of Beauty
• Southeastern Beauty School
• Strayer University - main campus in Baltimore, Maryland
• University of Phoenix - main campus in Phoenix, Arizona
• Virginia College - main campus in Birmingham, Alabama

Media and communications

Main article: Media in Columbus, Georgia

Infrastructure

Transportation

Airport

The Columbus Metropolitan Airport (IATA: CSG, ICAO: KCSG, FAA LID: CSG) is the metro area's primary airport and the fourth busiest airport in Georgia. It is located just off of I-185 exit 8. It is served by ExpressJet Airlines' Delta Connection service, offering several daily flights to Atlanta.

Highways

• Interstate 185

U.S. Routes

• U.S. Route 27
• U.S. Route 80
• U.S. Route 280
• U.S. Route 431

Georgia state routes

• S.R. 1
• S.R. 22
• S.R. 85
• S.R. 219
• S.R. 411
• S.R. 520
• S.R. 540

Public transit

• METRA Transit System is the primary provider of mass transportation in Muscogee County, currently operating nine routes in Columbus. The current public transportation services are operated as a function of the Columbus Consolidated Government under METRA.
• Greyhound Lines provides intercity bus service with the Columbus station located on Veterans Parkway, Downtown Columbus.

Notable people

Main article: List of people from Columbus, Georgia

Sister cities

Columbus has four official sister cities:

• Zugdidi, Georgia
• Kiryū, Japan
• Bistriţa, Romania
• Taichung, Taiwan

See also

• Downtown Columbus
• MidTown Columbus
• List of neighborhoods in Columbus, Georgia
• List of mayors of Columbus, Georgia
• List of schools in Muscogee County, Georgia
• Metro Columbus
• Black Heritage Trail (Columbus, Georgia) – a National Recreation Trail going though the city

Further Reading

• Our Town: An Introduction to the History of Columbus, Georgia by Roger Harris, 1992, Historic Columbus Foundation
• Columbus, Georgia (Black America Series) by Judith Grant, 1999, Arcadia Publishing
• Columbus Celebrates The Millennium: An International Quest (The American Enterprise Series) by Pamela Baker and Delane Chappell, 1999, Community Communications Inc.
• Yankee Blitzkrieg: Wilson's Raid Through Alabama and Georgia by James Pickett Jones, 2000, University Press of Kentucky
• Columbus, Georgia in Vintage Postcards (GA) (Postcard History Series) by Kenneth H. Thomas, Jr., 2001, Arcadia Publishing
• Historic Linwood Cemetery (Images of America: Georgia) by Linda J. Kennedy, 2004, Arcadia Publishing
• Hell's Broke Loose in Georgia: Survival in a Civil War Regiment by Scott Walker, 2007, University of Georgia Press
• Lower Chattahoochee River (GA) (Images of America) by The Columbus Museum, 2007, Arcadia Publishing
• Columbus, Georgia, 1865: The Last True Battle of the Civil War, by Charles A. Misulia, 2010, University of Alabama Press

References

2

Sources

• [3]

External links

• Official Homepage
• Columbus Georgia Consolidated Government
• Columbus (entry in the New Georgia Encyclopedia)
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