NKVD Order No. 00485
| The Polish Operation of the NKVD (1937–38)[1] | |
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First page of one of the copies of the order, archived by the Kharkov branch of the NKVD
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| Location | Soviet Union, modern-day Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and others |
| Date | 1937–1938 |
| Target | Ethnic Poles |
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Attack type
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Prison shootings |
| Deaths | At least 111,091 Poles executed |
| Perpetrators | NKVD security forces |
The Soviet NKVD Order № 00485 released on August 11, 1937 laid the foundation for the systematic elimination of the Polish minority in the Soviet Union between 1937 and 1938. The order was called "On liquidation of Polish sabotage and espionage groups and units of P.O.W." (P.O.W. stands for the Polish Military Organization, Polska Organizacja Wojskowa) (Russian: О ликвидации польских диверсионно-шпионских групп и организаций ПОВ) dated August 9, 1937 by the Central Committee Politburo (VKP b) and signed by Nikolai Yezhov, the People's Commissar for Internal Affairs. The operation was the epicenter of the national operations of the NKVD; and the largest ethnic shooting action of the Great Terror.[1][2][3]
Arrests and executions
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According to the 00485 Order, the operation was to be completed in three months. Subject to arrest and immediate elimination were persons in the following categories: "prisoners of war from the Polish army who after the 1920 war had remained in the Soviet Union, deserters and political émigrés from Poland [i.e. Polish communists admitted through prisoners' exchange], former members of the Polish Socialist Party (PPS) and other anti-Soviet political parties; and inhabitants of Polish districts in border regions."[4] The order was supplemented by a secret letter from Ezhov, specifying the various accusations against the Polish minority, which were fabricated by the Moscow NKVD executive. The order aimed at the arrest of "absolutely all Poles" and confirmed that "the Poles should be completely destroyed".[4] Member of the NKVD Administration for the Moscow District, A. O. Postel (Арон Осипович Постель) explained that although there was no word-for-word quote of "all Poles" in the actual Order, that was exactly how the letter was to be interpreted by the NKVD executioners.[4]
Particularly affected were ethnic Poles employed in the so-called "strategic" sectors such as transportation and telecommunications (i.e. railway engineers and postal workers), defense industry, armed forces, and security services, as well as members of Polish cultural organizations.[4] The Order created an extrajudicial sentencing body composed of two NKVD soldiers, the so-called "Dvoika" (a twosome) completing the paperwork.[4] The Order also established the so-called "album procedure" of convictions: the lists of convicted already during the initial investigations by lower NKVD organs were compiled into "albums" at the midrange NKVD organs and sent to the USSR NKVD for approval. After the approval the convictions (shooting or imprisonment) were immediately put into action.
Similar procedure was applied to all other national operations of 1937-1938: German, Latvian, Finnish, Estonian, Romanian, Greek, and others. The procedure was amended in September 1938. To expedite the process, regional NKVD units were instructed to set up so called "Special Troikas" (not to be confused with the regional Troikas established under the NKVD Order № 00447) authorized to try the "national operations" cases locally.
By official Soviet documentation some 139,815 people were sentenced under the aegis of the anti-Polish operation of the NKVD, and condemned without judicial trial of any kind whatsoever, including 111,071 sentenced to death and executed in short order.[5]
See also
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to NKVD Order No. 00485. |
- Soviet Major-General Vasili Blokhin, the chief executioner of the Stalinist NKVD
Notes and references
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- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 The Great Terror (Chapter 4) – from: "Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940"] by Marc Jansen and Nikita Petrov, pp. 95 (17 / 33). Internet Archive.
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Russian Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- Polish operation of NKVD – By Petrov and Roginski, in Russian (Петров H.B., Рогинский А.Б. Польская операция НКВД 1937–1938 гг. // Репрессии против поляков и польских граждан / Под ред. А.Э. Гурьянова. – М.: «Звенья», 1997. С. 22–43)
- On the repressions against the Poles before the mass operation of 1937-1938 – By Khaustov, in Russian
