Natural barrier

A natural barrier refers to a physical feature that protects or hinders travel through or over.

Mountains, swamps, deserts and icefields are among the clearest examples of natural barriers. Rivers are a more ambiguous example, as they may obstruct large-scale movement across them (especially by armies) but may facilitate smaller-scale movement along them in boats, once some of the people in the region have developed the relevant technologies. Seas have likewise been an obstacle at first, then a convenient medium for transport along coastlines, and finally a medium for intercontinental transport.

Natural barriers have been important factors in human history, by obstructing migration and invasion. For example, Jared Diamond argues that West European nations have been the dominant powers of the last 500 years because Europe's many natural barriers divided it into competing nation-states and this competition forced the European nations to encourage innovation and avoid technological stagnation.

Some examples of natural barriers are the Himalayas isolating Indian subcontinent from the rest of Asia, the Grand Canyon, the Dead sea, and the Mississippi river.