Near-close central unrounded vowel
Near-close central unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
ɪ̈ | |
ɨ̞ | |
ᵻ | |
ɘ̝ | |
IPA number | 319 415 |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | ɪ̈ |
Unicode (hex) | U+026A U+0308 |
X-SAMPA | I\ or 1_o or @\_r |
Braille | ![]() ![]() ![]() |
Sound | |
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The near-close central unrounded vowel, or near-high central unrounded vowel, is a vowel sound used in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet can represent this sound in a number of ways (see the box on the right), but the most common symbols are ⟨ɪ̈⟩ (centralized [ɪ]) and ⟨ɨ̞⟩ (lowered [ɨ]). In many British dictionaries, this vowel has been transcribed ⟨ɪ⟩, which captures its height; in the American tradition it is more often ⟨ɨ⟩, which captures its centrality, or ⟨ᵻ⟩,[1] which captures both. The third edition of the OED adopted an unofficial extension of the IPA, ⟨ᵻ⟩, that is a conflation of ⟨ɪ⟩ and ⟨ɨ⟩, and represents either [ɪ̈] or free variation between [ɪ] and [ə].
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, and the name of the article follows this. However, a large number of linguists, perhaps a majority in the USA, prefer the terms "high" and "low".
Contents
Features
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Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is central, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a front vowel and a back vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Standard[2] | lig | [lɪ̈χ] | 'light' | Stressed allophone of /ə/. See Afrikaans phonology |
Many speakers[3] | lug | 'air' | Many speakers merge /œ/ and /ə/ into [ɪ̈], especially in natural speech.[3] See Afrikaans phonology | ||
Amharic[4] | ሥር | [sɨ̞r] | 'root' | Often transcribed in IPA with ⟨ə⟩. | |
Berber | Central Atlas Tamazight[5] | [example needed] | — | — | Epenthetically inserted into consonant clusters before labial and coronal consonants. |
Cornish | [example needed] | — | — | ||
English | Inland Southern American[6] | good | [ɡɪ̈d] | 'good' | Corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects.[7] See English phonology |
Southeastern English[8] | May be rounded [ʊ̈] instead; it corresponds to [ʊ] in other dialects. See English phonology | ||||
London[9][10] | lip | [lɪ̈ʔp] | 'lip' | Possible realization of /ɪ/.[9][10] | |
South African[11] | [lɪ̈p] | For some speakers it can be equal to [ə]. General and Broad varieties of SAE have an allophonic variation, with [ɪ] ([i] in Broad) occurring near velar and palatal consonants, and [ɪ̈~ə] elsewhere. | |||
Southern American[12] | Allophone of /ɪ/ before labial consonants, sometimes also in other environments.[12] | ||||
Irish | Munster[13] | goirt | [ɡɨ̞ɾˠtʲ] | 'salty' | Allophone of /ɪ/ between broad consonants.[13] See Irish phonology |
Ulster[14] | [example needed] | Allophone of /ɪ/.[14] | |||
Mapudungun[15] | müṉa | [mɘ̝ˈn̪ɐ̝] | 'male cousin on father's side' | Unstressed allophone of /ɘ/.[15] | |
Russian[16] | кожа | ![]() |
'skin' | Occurs only after unpalatalized consonants and in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
Sema[17] | sü | [ʃɨ̞̀] | 'to hurt' | Also described as close [ɨ].[18] | |
Tera[19] | vur | [vɨ̞r] | 'to give' | Allophone of /ɨ/ in closed syllables.[19] | |
Vietnamese | Hanoi dialect | thức | [tʰɨ̞k˧˥] | 'mood' | Allophone of /ɨ/ before /k, ŋ/. See Vietnamese phonology |
Southern | xin | [s̪ɨ̞n˧˥] | 'to ask for sth' | Allophone of /i/ before /t, n/. See Vietnamese phonology | |
Welsh | Northern dialects[20] | pump | [pɨ̞mp] | 'five' | Merges with /ɪ/ in southern dialects. See Welsh phonology |
References
- ↑ Pullum & Ladusaw (1996:298)
- ↑ Donaldson (1993:4)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Donaldson (1993:5)
- ↑ Hayward & Hayward (1999:47)
- ↑ Abdel-Massih (1971:15)
- ↑ Wells (1982:534–535)
- ↑ Wells (1982:535)
- ↑ Lodge (2009:174)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Altendorf & Watt (2004:188–189)
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Mott (2012:75)
- ↑ Lass (2002:113–115)
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Wells (1982:534)
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Ó Sé (2000)
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ní Chasaide (1999:114)
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Sadowsky et al. (2013:92)
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:38)
- ↑ Teo (2012:368)
- ↑ Teo (2014:28)
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Tench (2007:231)
- ↑ Ball (1984:?)
Bibliography
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