Near-close near-front rounded vowel
Near-close near-front rounded vowel | |||
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ʏ | |||
IPA number | 320 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ʏ |
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Unicode (hex) | U+028F | ||
X-SAMPA | Y |
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Kirshenbaum | I. |
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Braille | ![]() ![]() |
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Sound | |||
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The near-close near-front rounded vowel, or near-high near-front rounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ʏ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is Y.
The IPA prefers terms "close" and "open" for vowels, though many linguists prefer the terms "high" and "low".
In most languages this rounded vowel is pronounced with compressed lips (in an exolabial manner). However, in a few cases the lips are protruded (in an endolabial manner). This is the case with Swedish, which contrasts the two types of rounding.
Contents
Near-close near-front compressed vowel
Features
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IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-front. also known as front-central or centralized front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
- Its roundedness is compressed, which means that the margins of the lips are tense and drawn together in such a way that the inner surfaces are not exposed.
Occurrence
Note: Since front rounded vowels are assumed to have compression, and few descriptions cover the distinction, some of the following may actually have protrusion.
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Armenian | Western | գիւղ | [kʰʏʁ] | 'village' | |
Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[1] | rug | [rʏç] | 'back' | See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
Standard[2] | fuut | [fʏt] | 'grebe' | Also described as central [ʉ̞][3] and close [ÿ].[4] See Dutch phonology | |
English | Southern England[5] | book | [bʏk] | 'book' | Some dialects.[5] Corresponds to /ʊ/ in other English dialects. See English phonology |
Ulster[6] | mule | [mjʏl] | 'mule' | Short allophone of /u/; occurs only after /j/.[6] See English phonology | |
Faroese | krúss | [kɹʏsː] | 'mug' | ||
French | Quebec | lune | [lʏn] | 'moon' | Allophone of /y/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
German | Southern Bernese | [example needed] | Corresponds to [œi̯] in the city of Bern. See Bernese German phonology | ||
Standard[7] | schützen | [ˈʃʏt͡sn̩] | 'protect' | May be somewhat lowered.[8] See German phonology | |
Limburgish | Hamont dialect[9] | bul | [bʏl¹] | 'a paper bag' | May be transcribed /y/.[9] See Hamont dialect phonology |
Weert dialect[10] | [example needed] | Allophone of /øə/ before nasals.[10] | |||
Ripuarian | Colognian[citation needed] | üch | [ʏɧ] | [translation needed] | See Colognian phonology |
Kerkrade dialect[11] | kümme | [ˈkʏmə] | [translation needed] | Realized as fully close [y] in the word-final position.[11] | |
Swedish | Central Standard[12] | ut | ![]() |
'out' | May be central [ʉː] in other dialects. See Swedish phonology |
Turkish[13] | atasözü | [ät̪äˈs̪ø̞̈z̪ʏ] | 'proverb' | Allophone of /y/ described variously as "word-final"[13] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[14] See Turkish phonology |
Dutch short ⟨u⟩ is often transcribed as /ʏ/, but it is actually a central vowel, close-mid [ɵ] in the Netherlands,[3][15] and near-close [ʊ̈] in Belgium.[4]
Similarly, Icelandic ⟨u⟩ is often transcribed as /ʏ/, but it is actually close-mid central [ɵ].[16][17][18]
Near-close near-front protruded vowel
Near-close near-front protruded vowel | |
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ʏ̫ | |
ʏʷ | |
ɪʷ |
Catford notes that most languages with rounded front and back vowels use distinct types of labialization, protruded back vowels and compressed front vowels. However, a few languages, such as Scandinavian ones, have protruded front vowels. One of these, Swedish, even contrasts the two types of rounding in front vowels (together with height and duration).[19]
As there are no diacritics in the IPA to distinguish protruded and compressed rounding, old diacritic for labialization, ⟨◌̫⟩, will be used here as an ad hoc symbol for protruded front vowels. Another possible transcription is ⟨ʏʷ⟩ or ⟨ɪʷ⟩ (a near-close near-front vowel modified by endolabialization), but this could be misread as a diphthong.
Features
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-front. also known as front-central or centralized front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
- Its roundedness is protruded, which means that the corners of the lips are drawn together, and the inner surfaces exposed.
Occurrence
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kurdish | Jafi | xö | [xʏ̫ː] | 'salt' | |
Norwegian | Standard Eastern[20] | nytt | [nʏ̫tː] | 'new' | Described variously as near-front[21] and front.[22] See Norwegian phonology |
Swedish | Central Standard[12] | ylle | ![]() |
'wool' | See Swedish phonology |
References
- ↑ Peters (2010:241)
- ↑ Collins & Mees (2003:132)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Altendorf & Watt (2004:188, 191–192)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "Irish English and Ulster English" (PDF). p. 6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 April 2014.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87), Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Kohler (1999:87)
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997:16)
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Engstrand (1999:140)
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:11)
- ↑ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ↑ Rietveld & Van Heuven (2009:68)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
- ↑ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:?)
- ↑ Vanvik (1979:13 and 20)
- ↑ Strandskogen (1979:15 and 23)
- ↑ Vanvik (1979:13)
Bibliography
- Altendorf, Ulrike; Watt, Dominik (2004), "The dialects in the South of England: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 181–196, ISBN 3-11-017532-0<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Rietveld, A.C.M.; Van Heuven, V.J. (2009), Algemene Fonetiek, Uitgeverij Coutinho<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (1997) [1987], Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer (2nd ed.), Kerkrade: Stichting Kirchröadsjer Dieksiejoneer, ISBN 90-70246-34-1<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Strandskogen, Åse-Berit (1979), Norsk fonetikk for utlendinger, Oslo: Gyldendal, ISBN 82-05-10107-8<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetik, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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