Near-close near-front unrounded vowel
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Near-close near-front unrounded vowel | |||
---|---|---|---|
ɪ | |||
IPA number | 319 | ||
Encoding | |||
Entity (decimal) | ɪ |
||
Unicode (hex) | U+026A | ||
X-SAMPA | I |
||
Kirshenbaum | I |
||
Braille | ![]() |
||
|
Near-close front unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
ɪ̟ |
The near-close near-front unrounded vowel, or near-high near-front unrounded vowel, is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɪ⟩, i.e. a small capital letter i.
The IPA prefers the terms "close" and "open" for classifying vowels. Some linguists use the terms "high" and "low," respectively, instead of "close" and "open."[citation needed]
Contents
Features
IPA vowel chart | |||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|||||||||||||||||||
Paired vowels are: unrounded • rounded | |||||||||||||||||||
This table contains phonetic symbols, which may not display correctly in some browsers. [Help] | |||||||||||||||||||
IPA help • IPA key • chart • ![]() |
- Its vowel height is near-close, also known as near-high, which means the tongue is not quite so constricted as a close vowel (high vowel).
- Its vowel backness is near-front. also known as front-central or centralized front, which means the tongue is positioned almost as far forward as a front vowel.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
In the following transcriptions, a fully front vowel is represented by the "advanced" diacritic [ɪ̟].
Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic | sitwa | [sɪtwɐ] | 'winter' | Used mostly in the Tyari dialects. [ə] is used predominantly in other dialects. | |
Chinese | Yue | 冰/bing1 | [pɪŋ˥] | 'ice' | See Cantonese phonology |
Wu | 一/ih | [iɪʔ˥] | 'one' | ||
Czech | Bohemian[1] | byli | [ˈbɪlɪ] | 'they were' | Also described as close-mid front [e];[2] corresponds to close front [i] in Moravian Czech.[2] See Czech phonology |
Danish | Standard[3][4][5][6][7][8] | hel | [ˈhɪ̟ːˀl] | 'whole' | Fully front.[3][4][5][6][7][8] Most often, it is transcribed ⟨e(ː)⟩ - the way it is pronounced in the conservative variety.[9] See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect[10] | blik | [blɪ̟k] | 'plate' | Somewhat fronted.[10] See Orsmaal-Gussenhoven dialect phonology |
Rotterdam[11] | bit | [bɪ̟t] | 'bit' | Somewhat fronted;[11] corresponds to [ɘ̟] in standard Dutch.[12][13] See Dutch phonology | |
The Hague[11] | |||||
English | Most dialects | bit | ![]() |
'bit' | See English phonology |
Australian[14] | [bɪ̟t] | Fully front and somewhat raised, tenser than in most other dialects. See Australian English phonology | |||
New Zealand | bed | [bɪd] | 'bed' | Some speakers. For others it's more open [e], or even [ɛ], in case of South African English. | |
South African | |||||
French | Quebec | petite | [pət͡sɪt] | 'small' | Allophone of /i/ in closed syllables. See Quebec French phonology |
German | Southern Bernese | [ˈɣ̊lɪːd̥] | 'cloth' | Corresponds to [ɛi̯] in the city of Bern. See Bernese German phonology | |
Standard[15][16] | bitte | ![]() |
'please' | May be somewhat lowered.[15] See German phonology | |
Hindustani | कि | ![]() |
'that' (subject/object of a relative clause) | See Hindustani phonology | |
Irish | duine | [dˠɪnʲə] | 'person' | See Irish phonology | |
Kaingang[17] | [ɸɪˈɾi] | 'rattlesnake' | Atonic allophone of /i/ and /e/.[18] | ||
Limburgish | Hamont dialect[19] | noorderweend | [ˈnoːʀdəʀβ̞ɪːnt] | 'north wind' | Standard Dutch-influenced pronunciation;[19] may be realized as [eː]. See Hamont dialect phonology |
Hasselt dialect[20] | mìs | [mɪs] | 'wrong' | ||
Weert dialect[21] | zeen | [zɪːn] | 'to be' | Allophone of /eə/ before nasals.[21] | |
Lithuanian | viltis | [vʲɪlʲˈtʲɪs] | 'hope' | ||
Luxembourgish[22] | Been | [bɪ̟ːn] | 'leg' | Fully front;[22] typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨eː⟩. Also described as close-mid [eː].[23] See Luxembourgish phonology | |
Mongolian[24] | ? | [xɪɾɘ̆] | 'hillside' | ||
Norwegian | litt | [lɪt] | 'a little' | May be fully front. See Norwegian phonology | |
Plautdietsch | winta | [ˈvɪntə] | 'winter' | ||
Portuguese | Brazilian[25] | Filipe | [fɪˈlipɪ̥] | 'Filipe' | Corresponds to [i ~ e̞] in Brazil, and /ɨ/ and unstressed /i/ in other national variants. See Portuguese phonology |
Punjabi | ਨਿੰਬੂ | [nɪmbu] | 'lemon' | ||
Romanian | Banat dialect[26] | râu | [rɪw] | 'river' | Corresponds to [ɨ] in standard Romanian. See Romanian phonology |
Russian[27] | дерево | ![]() |
'tree' | Occurs only in unstressed syllables. See Russian phonology | |
Scottish Gaelic | thig | [hɪk] | 'come' | See Scottish Gaelic phonology | |
Sema[28] | pi | [pì̞] | 'to say' | Fully front;[28] also described as close [i].[29] | |
Shiwiar[30] | [example needed] | Allophone of /i/.[30] | |||
Sicilian | arrìriri | [aˈrɪɾiɾi] | 'smile' | ||
Slovak[31][32][33] | rýchly | [ˈrɪːxlɪ] | 'fast' | Backness varies between front and near-front.[31] See Slovak phonology | |
Spanish | Eastern Andalusian[34] | mis | [mɪ̟ː] | 'my' (pl.) | Fully front. It corresponds to [i] in other dialects, but in these dialects they're distinct. See Spanish phonology |
Murcian[34] | |||||
Swedish | Central Standard[35] | sill | ![]() |
'herring' | Fully front and lowered, more like [e̝]. See Swedish phonology |
Turkish[36] | müşteri | [my̠ʃt̪e̞ˈɾɪ] | 'customer' | Allophone of /i/ described variously as "word-final"[36] and "occurring in final open syllable of a phrase".[37] See Turkish phonology | |
Ukrainian[38] | ходити | [xoˈdɪtɪ] | 'to walk' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Upper Sorbian[39] | być | [bɪt͡ʃ] | 'to be' | Allophone of /i/ after hard consonants.[39] See Upper Sorbian phonology | |
Vietnamese | chị | [cɪj˧ˀ˨] | 'elder sister' | See Vietnamese phonology | |
West Frisian | Hindeloopers | beast | [bɪːst] | 'animal' | See West Frisian phonology |
Yoruba[40] | [example needed] | Fully front; typically transcribed in IPA as ⟨ĩ⟩. It is nasalized, and may be close [ĩ] instead.[40] |
Icelandic ⟨i⟩ is often transcribed as /ɪ/, but it is actually close-mid [e].[41][42][43]
References
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:72)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:228–229)
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Grønnum (1998:100)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Grønnum (2005:268)
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Grønnum (2003)
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Basbøll (2005:45)
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Uldall (1933), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:289)
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "John Wells's phonetic blog: Danish". 5 November 2010. Retrieved 10 March 2015.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ Ladefoged & Johnson (2010:227)
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Peters (2010:241)
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Collins & Mees (2003:131)
- ↑ Gussenhoven (1992:47)
- ↑ Verhoeven (2005:245)
- ↑ Robert Mannell and Felicity Cox (2009-08-01). "Australian English Monophthongs". Clas.mq.edu.au. Retrieved 2013-04-23.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kohler (1999:87)
- ↑ Mangold (2005:37)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676–677 and 682)
- ↑ Jolkesky (2009:676 and 682)
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Verhoeven (2007), p. 224.
- ↑ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Heijmans & Gussenhoven (1998), p. 110.
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Gilles & Trouvain (2013:70)
- ↑ Trouvain & Gilles (2009:75)
- ↑ Iivonen & Harnud (2005:62, 66–67)
- ↑ Barbosa & Albano (2004:229)
- ↑ Pop (1938), p. 30.
- ↑ Jones & Ward (1969:37)
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Teo (2012:368)
- ↑ Teo (2014:27)
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Fast Mowitz (1975:2)
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Pavlík (2004:93, 95)
- ↑ Hanulíková & Hamann (2010:375)
- ↑ Mistrík (1988:13)
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Zamora Vicente (1967:?)
- ↑ Engstrand (1999:140)
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Göksel & Kerslake (2005:10)
- ↑ Zimmer & Organ (1999:155)
- ↑ Сучасна українська мова: Підручник / О.Д. Пономарів, В.В.Різун, Л.Ю.Шевченко та ін.; За ред. О.Д.пономарева. — 2-ге вид., перероб. —К.: Либідь, 2001. — с. 14
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Šewc-Schuster (1984), p. 34.
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Bamgboṣe (1969:166)
- ↑ Árnason (2011:60)
- ↑ Einarsson (1945:10), cited in Gussmann (2011:73)
- ↑ Haugen (1958:65)
Bibliography
- Árnason, Kristján (2011), The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-922931-4<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Barbosa, Plínio A.; Albano, Eleonora C. (2004), "Brazilian Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 34 (2): 227–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100304001756<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2003), The Phonetics of English and Dutch, Fifth Revised Edition (PDF), ISBN 9004103406<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Einarsson, Stefán (1945), Icelandic. Grammar texts glossary., Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins Press, ISBN 978-0801863578<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 140, ISBN 0-521-63751-1<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Fast Mowitz, Gerhard (1975), Sistema fonológico del idioma achual, Lima: Instituto Lingüístico de Verano<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gilles, Peter; Trouvain, Jürgen (2013), "Luxembourgish" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 43 (1): 67–74, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000278<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Göksel, Asli; Kerslake, Celia (2005), Turkish: a comprehensive grammar (PDF), Routledge, ISBN 978-0415114943, archived from the original (PDF) on 26 November 2014<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Grønnum, Nina (1998), "Illustrations of the IPA: Danish", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28 (1 & 2): 99–105, doi:10.1017/s0025100300006290<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Grønnum, Nina (2003), Why are the Danes so hard to understand?<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Grønnum, Nina (2005), Fonetik og fonologi, Almen og Dansk (3rd ed.), Copenhagen: Akademisk Forlag, ISBN 87-500-3865-6<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gussenhoven, Carlos (1992), "Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (2): 45–47, doi:10.1017/S002510030000459X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Gussmann, Edmund (2011). "Getting your head around: the vowel system of Modern Icelandic" (PDF). Folia Scandinavica Posnaniensia. 12: 71–90. ISBN 978-83-232-2296-5.<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Hanulíková, Adriana; Hamann, Silke (2010), "Slovak" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (3): 373–378, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000162<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Haugen, Einar (1958). "The Phonemics of Modern Icelandic". Language. 34 (1): 55–88. doi:10.2307/411276. JSTOR 411276.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Heijmans, Linda; Gussenhoven, Carlos (1998), "The Dutch dialect of Weert" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 28: 107–112, doi:10.1017/S0025100300006307<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Iivonen, Antti; Harnud, Huhe (2005), "Acoustical comparison of the monophthong systems in Finnish, Mongolian and Udmurt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 59–71, doi:10.1017/S002510030500191X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2009), "Fonologia e prosódia do Kaingáng falado em Cacique Doble", Anais do SETA, Campinas: Editora do IEL-UNICAMP, 3: 675–685<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Kohler, Klaus J. (1999), "German", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 86–89, ISBN 0-521-65236-7<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Ladefoged, Peter; Johnson, Keith (2010), A Course in Phonetics (6th ed.), Boston, Massachusetts: Wadsworth Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4282-3126-9<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Mangold, Max (2005), Das Aussprachewörterbuch, Duden, ISBN 9783411040667<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Mistrík, Jozef (1988) [First published 1982], A Grammar of Contemporary Slovak (2nd ed.), Bratislava: Slovenské pedagogické nakladateľstvo<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Pavlík, Radoslav (2004), "Slovenské hlásky a medzinárodná fonetická abeceda" (PDF), Jazykovedný časopis, 55: 87–109<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Peters, Jörg (2010), "The Flemish–Brabant dialect of Orsmaal–Gussenhoven", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 40 (2): 239–246, doi:10.1017/S0025100310000083<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Pop, Sever (1938), Micul Atlas Linguistic Român, Muzeul Limbii Române Cluj<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Šewc-Schuster, Hinc (1984), Gramatika hornjo-serbskeje rěče, Budyšin: Ludowe nakładnistwo Domowina<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Teo, Amos B. (2012), "Sumi (Sema)", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (03): 365–373, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000254<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Teo, Amos B. (2014), A phonological and phonetic description of Sumi, a Tibeto-Burman language of Nagaland (PDF), Canberra: Asia-Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 978-1-922185-10-5<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Trouvain, Jürgen; Gilles, Peter (2009), PhonLaf - Phonetic Online Material for Luxembourgish as a Foreign Language 1 (PDF), pp. 74–77<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Uldall, Hans Jørgen (1933), A Danish Phonetic Reader, The London phonetic readers, London: University of London Press<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 245, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Zamora Vicente, Alonso (1967), Dialectología española (2nd ed.), Biblioteca Romanica Hispanica, Editorial Gredos<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
- Zimmer, Karl; Orgun, Orhan (1999), "Turkish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet (PDF), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 154–158, ISBN 0-521-65236-7<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Categories:
- Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows
- Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014
- Articles containing non-English-language text
- Articles containing Wuu-language text
- Articles containing Czech-language text
- Articles containing Danish-language text
- Articles containing Dutch-language text
- Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text
- Articles containing French-language text
- Articles containing German-language text
- Articles containing Hindi-language text
- Articles containing Irish-language text
- Articles containing Limburgish-language text
- Articles containing Lithuanian-language text
- Articles containing Luxembourgish-language text
- Articles containing Norwegian-language text
- Articles containing Portuguese-language text
- Articles containing Romanian-language text
- Articles containing Russian-language text
- Articles containing Scottish Gaelic-language text
- Articles containing Swedish-language text
- Articles containing Turkish-language text
- Articles containing Ukrainian-language text
- Articles containing Upper Sorbian-language text
- Articles containing Vietnamese-language text
- Articles containing West Frisian-language text
- CS1 maint: ref=harv
- Vowels