New York Point

New York Point
310px
Type	alphabet
Languages	English
Time period	1868–1918
Parent systems	Night writing New York Point
Sister systems	Braille
Unicode range	(not supported)

New York Point is a braille-like system of tactile writing for the blind invented by William Bell Wait (1839–1916), a teacher in the New York Institute for the Education of the Blind. The system used one to four pairs of points set side by side, each containing one or two dots. (Letters of one through four pairs, each with two dots, would be ⟨:⟩ ⟨::⟩ ⟨:::⟩ ⟨::::⟩.) The most common letters are written with the fewest points, a strategy also employed by the competing American Braille.

Capital letters were cumbersome in New York Point, each being four dots wide, and so were not generally used. Likewise, the four-dot-wide hyphen and apostrophe were generally omitted. When capitals, hyphens, or apostrophes were used, they sometimes caused legibility problems, and a separate capital sign was never agreed upon. According to Helen Keller, this caused literacy problems among blind children, and was one of the chief arguments against New York Point and in favor of one of the braille alphabets.

New York Point competed with the American Braille alphabet, which consisted of fixed cells two points wide and three high. Books written in embossed alphabets like braille are quite bulky, and New York Point's system of two horizontal lines of dots was an advantage over the three lines required for braille; the principle of writing the most common letters with the fewest dots was likewise an advantage of New York Point and American Braille over English Braille.

Wait advocated the New York System as more logical than either the American Braille or the English Braille alphabets, and the three scripts competed in what was known as the War of the Dots. Around 1916, agreement settled on English Braille standardized to French Braille letter order, chiefly because of the superior punctuation compared to New York Point, the speed of reading braille, the large amount of written material available in English Braille compared to American Braille, and the international accessibility offered by following French alphabetical order.

Wait also invented the "Kleidograph", a typewriter with twelve keys for embossing New York Point on paper, and the "Stereograph", for creating metal plates to be used in printing.

Alphabet

File:Newyorkpoint.png

The capital and lower-case letters of New York Point, excluding contractions

New York Point is not supported by Unicode, as of version 6.3. In the charts below, the first row of NYP are graphic images, and the second row are braille cells turned on their side. Older browsers may not support the latter.

Like braille, there are contractions: single letters in NYP that correspond to sequences of letter in print, and sequences in NYP as well when capitalized.

Lower-case letters and contractions

New York Point	pxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpx	px	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	px	pxpxpx
	⠘	⠹	⠜	⠚	⠈	⠸	⠧	⠷	⠉	⠺
Print	a	b	c	d	e	f	g	h	i	j
New York Point	pxpxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpx	pxpx	px
	⠼	⠋	⠙	⠃	⠑	⠎	⠏	⠓	⠊	⠁
Print	k	l	m	n	o	p	q	r	s	t
New York Point	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx
	⠇	⠪	⠣	⠯	⠕	⠾	⠱	⠞	⠵	⠮
Print	u	v	w	x	y	z	the	and	of	that
New York Point	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpx
	⠳	⠽	⠝	⠗	⠛	⠫	⠟	⠻
Print	ing	ou	ch	sh	th	wh	ph	gh

Capitals are all 2×4 (8-dot blocks).

Capital letters

New York Point	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx
	⡜	⡹	⢜	⢺	⡎	⡸	⢧	⢷	⢹	⡺
Print	A	B	C	D	E	F	G	H	I	J
New York Point	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx
	⢼	⢫	⡝	⢣	⡕	⢎	⢏	⢳	⢪	⢱
Print	K	L	M	N	O	P	Q	R	S	T
New York Point	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx
	⢇	⡪	⡣	⢯	⢕	⢾
Print	U	V	W	X	Y	Z

Punctuation

Like in braille, there is a number sign that converts letters to digits. The ten digits are the same four-dot patterns found in braille, but with entirely different values:

New York Point	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	px	px		pxpxpx
	⠛	⠉	⠚	⠋	⠙	⠓	⠊	⠑	⠃	⠁		⠿
Print	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9	0		(num)
(Braille value)	7	3	0	6	4	8	9	5	2	1		⠼

The only punctuation marks three-dots wide are the number sign above and the quotation mark, which has the same form as the letter q. The dash, hyphen, and apostrophe are four dots wide.

New York Point	px	px	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx	pxpxpxpx
	⠁	⠂	⠛	⠓	⠙	⠚	⠋	⠏	⡇	⢽	⣹
Print	,	;	.	:	?	!	( )	“ ”	—	-	'

Musical notation

Notes are made by combining two 'primitives', which are the digits 1–7:

Half-symbol	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx	pxpx
Note value	C	D	E	F	G	A	B
Length value

⟨pxpxpxpx⟩ is thus a whole C note, ⟨pxpxpxpx⟩ a quarter D note, etc. In chords, the length is only given for the first note mentioned.

These may be prefixed by ⟨px⟩ ♯, ⟨px⟩ ♭, or ⟨px⟩ ♮, and suffixed by ⟨px⟩ dot (length × 1½). These may be doubled, as in print.

The note is preceded by its octave, which is written as the number plus an upper dot: ⟨pxpxpx⟩ 5th 8va, ⟨pxpxpx⟩ 2nd 8va, etc.

Rests are two lower dots plus the length: ⟨pxpxpxpx⟩ a whole rest, ⟨pxpxpxpx⟩ a half rest, etc.

Chords are written as intervals, which is the number plus a lower dot: ⟨pxpxpx⟩ is a third, etc. The sign ⟨pxpx⟩ signals a change in octave. Thus a chord of three notes spanning the 4th to 5th octaves is

pxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpxpx

4th-8va C-whole 5th-inv'l with 5th-8va E

See Wait's publications for additional conventions.

See also

• Blindness education
• Korean Braille#History – A script like New York Point was used for Korean before 6-dot braille was introduced.

External links

• An autobiography of William Bell Wait and discussion of the invention of New York Point.
• Further biographical information on William Bell Wait, including the New York Point alphabet
• Robert B. Irwin's As I Saw It, 1955, gives a history of the "War of the Dots" that ultimately led to the adoption of the English form of the braille literary code in the United States.
• A Look Back, published in JVIB, March 2006, documents the War of the Dots.