Outline of arithmetic
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to arithmetic:
Arithmetic – though considered the oldest and most elementary branch of mathematics that is used by almost everyone, arithmetic is an important part of many higher level mathematics courses, and as you will see in the following sections, it actually encompasses a wide variety of material. It is for tasks ranging from simple day-to-day counting to advanced science and business calculations. It involves the study of quantity, especially as the result of operations that combine numbers. In common usage, it refers to the simpler properties when using the traditional operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division with smaller values of numbers.
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What type of thing is arithmetic?
Arithmetic can be described as all of the following:
It can be viewed as a branch of science
And if you look for deeply, it is a branch of formal science because formal science includes all of the branch of mathematics
Essence of arithmetic
History of arithmetic
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Excerpt from main article:
"The prehistory of arithmetic is limited to a small number of artifacts which may indicate the conception of addition and subtraction, the best-known being the Ishango bone from central Africa, dating from somewhere between 20,000 and 18,000 BC, although its interpretation is disputed.[3]
The earliest written records indicate the Egyptians and Babylonians used all the elementary arithmetic operations as early as 2000 BC. These artifacts do not always reveal the specific process used for solving problems, but the characteristics of the particular numeral system strongly influence the complexity of the methods. The hieroglyphic system for Egyptian numerals, like the later Roman numerals, descended from tally marks used for counting. In both cases, this origin resulted in values that used a decimal base but did not include positional notation. Complex calculations with Roman numerals required the assistance of a counting board or the Roman abacus to obtain the results.
Early number systems that included positional notation were not decimal, including the sexagesimal (base 60) system for Babylonian numerals and the vigesimal(base 20) system that defined Maya numerals. Because of this place-value concept, the ability to reuse the same digits for different values contributed to simpler and more efficient methods of calculation.”
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Listed below are many different things that are included in Arithmetic.
- Order of operations
- Addition
- Subtraction
- Multiplication
- Division
- Quotient
- Fraction
- Factoring
- Fundamental theorem of arithmetic
- Prime number
- Composite number
- Factor
- Common factors
- Greatest common divisor, also called greatest common factor
- Common factors
- Power
- Square root
- Cube root
- Properties of operations
Types of numbers
If you are learning this in elementary school, you probably haven’t heard of all of the different types of numbers listed below:
- Real number
- Odd number
- Even number
- Positive number
- Negative number
- Prime number
- Whole number
- Natural number
Elementary statistics
Other basic concepts
Most of these are not learned in elementary school, unless you are an advanced student:
Modern arithmetic
Most of these are not learned in elementary school, or middle school:
See also
External links
- What is arithmetic?
- MathWorld article about arithmetic
- Interactive Arithmetic Lessons and Practice
- Talking Math Game for kids
- The New Student's Reference Work/Arithmetic (historical)
- Arithmetic Game
- Math Games for kids and adults
- Maximus Planudes' the Great Calculation an early western work on arithmetic at Convergence
