Pangasinan language

Pangasinan
Pangasinense
Salitan Pangasinan
Native to	Philippines
Region	Ilocos Region and Central Luzon
Ethnicity	Pangasinense people
Native speakers	unknown (1.2 million cited 1990 census) 9th most spoken native language in the Philippines
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Philippine Northern Philippine Northern Luzon South–Central Cordilleran Southern Cordilleran Pangasinic Pangasinan
Writing system	Latin; Historically Baybayin
Official status
Official language in	Regional language in the Philippines
Regulated by	Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-2	pag
ISO 639-3	pag
Glottolog	pang1290
Linguasphere	31-CGA-f
220px Area where Pangasinan is spoken according to Ethnologue

The Pangasinan language (Salitan Pangasinan) is the official language in the province of Pangasinan on the west-central area of the island of Luzon along the Lingayen Gulf. It is one of the twelve most-populous languages of the Philippines.

"Pangasinan" is the name of the language, people, and province. The Pangasinan language, which also goes by its Spanish name Pangasinense, is spoken by the Pangasinan people. The language is also spoken in the neighboring provinces of Tarlac, La Union, Zambales, Benguet and Nueva Ecija and by Pangasinan immigrants in the United States.

Classification

The Pangasinan language belongs to the Malayo-Polynesian languages branch of the Austronesian languages family. Pangasinan is similar to the Tagalog and Ilocano languages that are spoken in the Philippines, Indonesian in Indonesia, Malay in Malaysia, and Malagasy in Madagascar. The Pangasinan language is very closely related to the Ibaloi language spoken in the neighboring province of Benguet and Baguio City, located north of Pangasinan. Pangasinan is classified under the Pangasinic group of languages. The Pangasinic languages are:

• Pangasinan
• Ibaloi
• Karao
• I-wak
• Kalanguya
• Keley-I
• Kallahan
• Kayapa
• Tinoc

Pangasinan, is spoken primarily in the provinces of Pangasinan and Benguet, and in some areas of the neighboring provinces of Zambales, Tarlac, Nueva Ecija, Aurora, Nueva Vizcaya, and Ifugao.

Pangasinan is an agglutinative language.

Distribution

Pangasinan is the Official language of the province of Pangasinan, located on the west central area of the island of Luzon along Lingayen Gulf. The people of Pangasinan are also referred to as Pangasinan. The province has a total population of 2,343,086 (2000), of which 2 million speak Pangasinan. Pangasinan is spoken in other Pangasinan communities in the Philippines, mostly in the neighboring provinces of Benguet, La Union, Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and Zambales.

History

Austronesian-language speakers settled in Maritime Southeast Asia during prehistoric times, perhaps more than 5,000 years ago. The indigenous speakers of Pangasinan are descendants of these settlers, who were probably part of a wave of prehistoric human migration that is widely believed to have originated from Southern China via Taiwan between 10 and 6 thousand years ago.

The word Pangasinan, means “land of salt” or “place of salt-making”; it is derived from the root word asin, the word for "salt" in Pangasinan. Pangasinan could also refer to a “container of salt or salted-products”; it refers to the ceramic jar for storage of salt or salted-products or its contents.

Grammar

Sentence Structure

Like other Malayo-Polynesian languages, Pangasinan has a verb–subject–object word order. Pangasinan language is agglutinative language.

Pronouns

Personal

	Absolutive Independent	Absolutive Enclitic	Ergative	Oblique
1st person singular	siák	ak	-k(o)	ed siak
1st person dual	sikatá	ita, ta	-ta	ed sikata
2nd person singular	siká	ka	-m(o)	ed sika
3rd person singular	sikató	-, -a	to	ed sikato
1st person plural inclusive	sikatayó	itayo, tayo	-tayo	ed sikatayo
1st person plural exclusive	sikamí	kamí	mi	ed sikami
2nd person plural	sikayó	kayó	yo	ed sikayo
3rd person plural	sikara	ira, ra	da	ed sikara

Affixes

a:-UM-

MAKAN-, AKAN-

PINAGKA-

INKA-

KA

KA-AN

-AN

SAN-

SANKA-

SANKA-AN

MA-

MAY-

MAY-EN

MANKA-, ANKA-, MANGA-

KI-AN

INKI-

KI-

NA-AN, A-AN

NI-AN

EN-

-IN-

I-

I-AN

IN-

INY-

IN-AN

Numbers

List of numbers from one to ten in English, Tagalog and Pangasinan

English	Tagalog	Pangasinan
one	isa	sakey
two	dalawa	duara, dua
three	tatlo	talora, talo
four	apat	apatira, apat
five	lima	limara, lima
six	anim	anemira, anem
seven	pito	pitora, pito
eight	walo	walora, walo
nine	siyam	siamira, siam
ten	sampu	samplora, samplo

Cardinal Numbers:

Pangasinan	English
isa, sakey, san-	one
dua, dua'ra (dua ira)	two
talo, -tlo, talo'ra (talo ira)	three
apat, -pat, apatira (apat ira)	four
lima, lima'ra (lima ira)	five
anem, -nem, anemira (anem ira)	six
pito, pito'ra (pito ira)	seven
walo, walo'ra (walo ira)	eight
siam, siamira (siam ira)	nine
polo, samplo (isa'n polo), samplo'ra (isa'n polo ira)	tens, ten
lasus, sanlasus (isa'n lasus)	hundreds, one hundred
libo, sakey libo	thousands, one thousand
laksa, sanlaksa (isa'n laksa), sakey a laksa	ten thousands, ten thousand

Ordinal Numbers:

Ordinal numbers are formed with prefix KUMA- (KA- plus infix -UM). Example: kumadua, second.

Associative Numbers:

Associative numbers are formed with prefix KA-. Example: katlo, third of a group of three.

Fractions:

Fraction numbers are formed with prefix KA- and an associative number. Example: kakatlo, third part.

Multiplicatives:

Multiplicative ordinal numbers are formed with prefix PI- and a cardinal number from two to four or PIN- for other numbers except for number one. Example: kaisa, first time; pidua, second time; pinlima, fifth time.

Multiplicative cardinal numbers are formed with prefix MAN- (MAMI- or MAMIN- for present or future tense, and AMI- or AMIN- for the past tense) to the corresponding multiplicative ordinal number. Example: aminsan, once; amidua, twice; mamitlo, thrice.

Distributives:

Distributive cardinal numbers are formed with prefixes SAN-, TAG-, or TUNGGAL and a cardinal number. Example: sansakey, one each; sanderua, two each.

Distributive multiplicative numbers are formed with prefix MAGSI-, TUNGGAL, or BALANGSAKEY and a multiplicative cardinal number. Example: tunggal pamidua, twice each; magsi-pamidua, each twice.

Phonology

Consonants

		Bilabial	Dental / Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n		ŋ
Stop	voiceless	p	t	tʃ	k	ʔ
	voiced	b	d	dʒ	ɡ
Fricative			s	ʃ
Flap			ɾ
Approximant			l	j	w

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid		ə
Open-Mid	ɛ
Open		a

Alphabet

Modern Pangasinan consists of 27 letters, which include the 26 letters of the basic Latin alphabet and the Pangasinan digraph ng:

Majuscule Forms (also called uppercase or capital letters)

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

M

N

NG

O

P

Q

R

S

T

U

V

W

X

Y

Z

Minuscule Forms (also called lowercase or small letters)

a

b

c

d

e

f

g

h

i

j

k

l

m

n

ng

o

p

q

r

s

t

u

v

w

x

y

z

English - Pangasinan

1. I - siak, ak
2. you (singular) - sika, ka
3. he - sikato (he/she), kato
4. we - sikami, kami, mi, sikatayo, tayo, sikata, ta
5. you (plural) - sikayo, kayo, yo
6. they - sikara (sika ira)
7. this - aya
8. that - atan
9. here - dia
10. there - diman, ditan
11. who - siopa, sio, si
12. what - anto
13. where - iner
14. when - kapigan, pigan
15. how - pano, panonto
16. not - ag, andi, aleg, aliwa
17. all - amin
18. many - amayamay, dakel
19. some - pigara (piga ira)
20. few - daiset
21. other - arom
22. one - isa, sakey
23. two - dua, duara (dua ira)
24. three - talo, talora (talo ira)
25. four - apat, apatira (apat ira)
26. five - lima, limara (lima ira)
27. big - baleg
28. long - andokey
29. wide - maawang, malapar
30. thick - makapal
31. heavy - ambelat
32. small - melag, melanting, tingot, daiset
33. short - melag, melanting, tingot, antikey, kulang, abeba
34. narrow - mainget
35. thin - mabeng, maimpis
36. woman - bii
37. man (adult male) - laki, bolog
38. man (human being) - too
39. child - ogaw
40. wife - asawa, kaamong (spouse)
41. husband - asawa, kaamong (spouse)
42. mother - ina
43. father - ama
44. animal - ayep
45. fish - sira, ikan
46. bird - manok, siwsiw (chick)
47. dog - aso
48. louse - koto
49. snake - oleg
50. worm - biges (germ), alumbayar (earthworm)
51. tree - kiew, tanem (plant)
52. forest - kakiewan, katakelan
53. stick - bislak, sanga
54. fruit - bunga
55. seed - bokel
56. leaf - bolong
57. root - lamot
58. bark - obak
59. flower - bulaklak, rosas
60. grass - dika
61. rope - singer, lubir, taker
62. skin - baog, katat
63. meat - laman
64. blood - dala
65. bone - pokel
66. fat (n.) - mataba, taba
67. egg - iknol
68. horn - saklor
69. tail - ikol
70. feather - bago
71. hair - buek
72. head - olo
73. ear - layag
74. eye - mata
75. nose - eleng
76. mouth - sangi
77. tooth - ngipen
78. tongue - dila
79. fingernail - koko
80. foot - sali
81. leg - bikking
82. knee - pueg
83. hand - lima
84. wing - payak
85. belly - eges
86. guts - pait
87. neck - beklew
88. back - beneg
89. breast - pagew, suso
90. heart - puso
91. liver - altey
92. drink - inom
93. eat - mangan, akan, kamot
94. bite - ketket
95. suck - sepsep, suso
96. spit - lutda
97. vomit - uta
98. blow - sibok
99. breathe - engas, ingas, dongap, linawa, anges
100. laugh - elek
101. see - nengneng
102. hear - dengel
103. know - amta, kabat
104. think - nonot
105. smell - angob
106. fear - takot
107. sleep - ogip
108. live - bilay
109. die - onpatey, patey
110. kill - manpatey, patey
111. fight - laban, kolkol, bakal
112. hunt - managnop, anop, manpana, manerel (catch)
113. hit - tira, nakna, pekpek
114. cut - tegteg, sugat
115. split - pisag, puter, paldua (half)
116. stab - saksak, doyok
117. scratch - gugo, gorgor, korkor
118. dig - kotkot
119. swim - langoy
120. fly (v.) - tekyab
121. walk - akar
122. come - gala, gali, onsabi, sabi
123. lie - dokol (lie down), tila (tell a lie)
124. sit - yorong (i-orong)
125. stand - alagey
126. turn - liko, telek
127. fall - pelag (drop), tumba
128. give - iter, itdan (iteran)
129. hold - benben
130. squeeze - pespes
131. rub - kuskos, gorgor, poyok
132. wash - oras
133. wipe - ponas
134. pull - goyor
135. push - tolak
136. throw - topak
137. tie - singer
138. sew - dait
139. count - bilang
140. say - ibaga
141. sing - togtog, kansiyon
142. play - galaw
143. float - letaw
144. flow - agos
145. freeze - kigtel
146. swell - larag
147. sun - agew, banua
148. moon - bulan
149. star - bitewen
150. water - danum
151. rain - uran
152. river - ilog, kalayan
153. lake - ilog, look
154. sea - dayat, laot
155. salt - asin
156. stone - bato
157. sand - buer
158. dust - dabok
159. earth - dalin
160. cloud - lorem
161. fog - kelpa
162. sky - tawen
163. wind - dagem
164. snow - linew
165. ice - pakigtel
166. smoke - asiwek, asewek
167. fire - apoy, pool (blaze), dalang (flame)
168. ashes - dapol
169. burn - pool, sinit
170. road - dalan, basbas (path)
171. mountain - palandey
172. red - ambalanga, pula
173. green - ampasiseng, pasiseng
174. yellow - duyaw
175. white - amputi, puti
176. black - andeket, deket
177. night - labi
178. day - agew
179. year - taon
180. warm - ampetang, petang
181. cold - ambetel, betel
182. full - napsel (napesel), napno (napano)
183. new - balo
184. old - daan
185. good - duga, maong, abig
186. bad - aliwa, maoges
187. rotten - abolok, bolok
188. dirty - maringot, dingot, marutak, dutak
189. straight - maptek, petek
190. round - malimpek, limpek, tibokel
191. sharp - matdem (matarem), tarem
192. dull - mangmang, epel
193. smooth - palanas, patad, patar
194. wet - ambasa, basa
195. dry - amaga, maga
196. correct - duga, tua (true)
197. near - asinger
198. far - arawi
199. right - kawanan
200. left - kawigi
201. at - ed
202. in - ed
203. with - iba
204. and - tan
205. if - no
206. because - ta, lapu ed
207. name - ngaran

See also

• Languages of the Philippines
• Tagalog language
• Filipino
• Ilokano language
• Cebuano language
• Kapampangan language
• Chabacano
• Sumerian language
• Swadesh list

Orthography

See also: Filipino alphabet and Filipino orthography

The ancient people of Pangasinan used an indigenous writing system. The ancient Pangasinan script, which is related to the Tagalog Baybayin script, was derived from the Javanese Kawi script of Indonesia and the Vatteluttu or Pallava script of South India.

The Latin script was introduced during the Spanish colonial period. Pangasinan literature, using the indigenous syllabary and the Latin alphabet, continued to flourish during the Spanish and American colonial period. Pangasinan acquired many Spanish and English words, and some indigenous words were Hispanicized or Anglicized. However, use of the ancient syllabary has declined, and not much literature written in it has survived.

Pangasinan Literature

Pangasinan was preserved and kept alive despite the propagation of the Spanish and English languages. Pangasinan written and oral literature flourished during the Spanish and American period. Writers like Juan Saingan, Felipe Quintos, Narciso Corpus, Antonio Solis, Juan Villamil, Juan Mejía, and María C. Magsano continued to write and publish in Pangasinan. Felipe Quintos, a Pangasinan officer of the Katipunan, wrote Sipi Awaray: Gelew Diad Pilipinas (Revolución Filipina), a history of the Katipunan revolutionary struggle in Pangasinan and surrounding provinces. Narciso Corpus and Antonio Solis co-wrote Impanbilay na Manoc a Tortola, a short love story. (Lingayen, Pangasinan: Gumawid Press, 1926)

Juan Villamil translated José Rizal's Mi Ultimo Adiós in Pangasinan. Pablo Mejia edited Tunong, a news magazine, in the 1920s. He also wrote Bilay tan Kalkalar nen Rizal, a biography of Rizal. Magsano published Silew, a literary magazine. Magsano also wrote Samban Agnabenegan, a romance novel. Pangasinan Courier published articles and literary works in Pangasinan. Pioneer Herald published Sinag, a literary supplement in Pangasinan. Many Christian publications in Pangasinan are widely available.

Many Pangasinan are multilingual and proficient in English, Tagalog, and Ilokano, a neighboring language. However, the spread and influence of the other languages is contributing to the decline of the Pangasinan. Some Pangasinan are promoting the use of Pangasinan in the print and broadcast media, Internet, local governments, courts, and schools in Pangasinan. In April 2006, the creation of Pangasinan Wikipedia was proposed, which the Wikimedia Foundation approved for publication in the Internet.

Malinac lay Labi (Original Version)

This Pangasinan folk love song was composed by Julian Velasco.

Malinac ya Labi
Oras ya mareen
Mapalpalnay dagem
Katekep to’y linaew
Samit day koguip ko
Binangonan kon tampol
Ta pilit na pusok ya sika'y amamayoen
(Repeat)

Refrain:
Lalo la no bilay
No sikalay nanengneng
Napunas ya ami'y
Ermen ya akbibiten
No nodnonoten ko ra'y samit na ogalim
Agtaka nalingwanan
Anggad kaayos na bilay
(Repeat Refrain)

Pangasinan Folk Song: Malinak lay Labi

Malinak lay Labi
A night of calm
Oras la’y mareen
An hour of peace

Mapalpalna’y dagem
A gentle breeze
Katekep to’y linaew
Along with it is the dew

Samit da’y kugip ko
So sweet is my dream
Binangonan kon tampol
Suddenly I awake

Lapu’d say limgas mo
Because of your beauty
Sikan sika’y amamayoen
You are the only one I will love

Lalo la bilay
Best of all, my life
No sika la’y nanengne'ng
When it's you that I see

Napunas lan amin
All are wiped away
So ermen ya akbibiten
The sorrows that I bear

No nanonotan
When I remember
Ko la'y samit day ugalim
Of your sweet kindness

Ag ta ka nalingwanan
I will not forget you
Angga’d kauyos na bilay
Until life is gone

List of foreign words

Most of the loan words in Pangasinan are Spanish, as the Philippines was ruled by Spain for more than 300 years. Examples are lugar (place), podir (power, care), kontra (from contra, against), birdi (verde, green), ispiritu ("espíritu", spirit), and santo (holy, saint).

Dictionaries and further reading

The following is a list of some dictionaries and references:

• Lorenzo Fernández Cosgaya. Diccionario pangasinán-español and Vocabulario Hispano-pangasinán (Colegio de Santo Tomás, 1865). This is available in the Internet at the University of Michigan's Humanities Text Initiative.
• Anastacio Austria Macaraeg. Vocabulario castellano-pangasinán (1898).
• Mariano Pellicer. Arte de la lengua pangasinán o caboloan (1904).
• Felixberto B. Viray. The Sounds and Sound Symbols of the Pangasinan Language (1927).
• Corporación de PP. Dominicos. Pasion Na Cataoan Tin JesuChristo (U.S.T. Press, 1951).
• Paciencia E. Versoza. Stress and Intonation Difficulties of Pangasinan Learners of English (1961).
• Paul Morris Schachter. A Contrastive Analysis of English and Pangasinan (1968).
• Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Dictionary (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Pangasinan Reference Grammar (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Spoken Pangasinan (University of Hawaii Press, 1971).
• Richard A. Benton. Phonotactics of Pangasinan (1972).
• Ernesto Constantino. English-Pangasinan Dictionary (1975).
• Julio F. Silverio. New English-Pilipino-Pangasinan Dictionary (1976).
• Alta Grace Q. Garcia. Morphological Analysis of English and Pangasinan Verbs (1981).
• Philippine Bible Society. Say Santa Biblia (Philippine Bible Society, 1982).
• Philippine Bible Society. Maung A Balita Para Sayan Panaon Tayo (Philippine Bible Society and United Bible Societies, 1983).
• Mario "Guese" Tungol. Modern English-Filipino Dictionary (Merriam Webster, 1993).
• Church of Christ. Say Cancanta (Church of Christ, n.d.). Includes translations of English songs like "Joy to the World," and "What A Friend We Have in Jesus."
• Emiliano Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Dictionary (2002). The compilation has 20,000 entries.
• Mel V. Jovellanos. Pangasinan-English English-Pangasinan Language Dictionary (Corpuz Press, Calasiao, Pangasinan, March 2007).
• Traditional Folk Song. Malinak Lay Labi (Calm is the Night).

See also

• Languages of the Philippines
• Malayo-Polynesian
• Pangasinan
• Pangasinan literature
• Swadesh list

External links

• Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database
• Sunday Punch
• Sun Star Pangasinan
• Pangasinan Star
• Pangasinan: Preservation and Revitalization of the Pangasinan Language and Literature
• Globalization killing Pangasinan language
• Pangasinan language is alive and kicking (Philippine Daily Inquirer, June 8, 2007)
• Dying languages
• Pangasinan-Spanish Dictionary, by Lorenzo Fernandez Cosgata, published in 1865.