Parkinson plus syndrome
| Parkinson plus syndrome | |
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| Classification and external resources | |
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| eMedicine | article/1154074 |
| Patient UK | Parkinson plus syndrome |
Parkinson-plus syndromes, also known as disorders of multiple system degeneration, is a group of neurodegenerative[1] diseases featuring the classical features of Parkinson's disease (tremor, rigidity, akinesia/bradykinesia, postural instability) with additional features that distinguish them from simple idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Some consider Alzheimer's disease to be in this group.[2] Parkinson-plus syndromes are either inherited genetically or occur sporadically.[3]
The atypical parkinsonian or Parkinson Plus syndromes are often difficult to differentiate from Parkinson's disease and each other. They include multiple system atrophy (MSA), progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), and corticobasal degeneration (CBD). Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), may or may not be part of the PD spectrum, but it is increasingly recognized as the second most common type of neurodegenerative dementia after Alzheimer's disease. These disorders are currently lumped into two groups, the synucleinopathies and the tauopathies.[4] They may coexist with other pathologies.[5]
Additional Parkinson-plus syndromes include Pick's disease and olivopontocerebellar atrophy (OPCA).[6] The latter is characterized by ataxia and dysarthria, and may occur either as an inherited disorder or as a variant of multiple system atrophy. MSA is also characterized by autonomic failure, formerly known as Shy-Drager syndrome.[7]
Clinical features that distinguish Parkinson-plus syndromes from idiopathic Parkinson’s disease include symmetrical onset, a lack of or irregular resting tremor, and a reduced response to dopaminergic drugs (including levodopa).[3] Additional features include bradykinesia, early-onset postural instability, increased rigidity in axial muscles, dysautonomia, alien limb syndrome, supranuclear gaze palsy, apraxia, involvement of the cerebellum including the pyramidal cells, and in some instances significant cognitive impairment.[3]
Accurate diagnosis of these Parkinson-plus syndromes is improved when precise diagnostic criteria are used.[3] Since diagnosis of individual Parkinson-plus syndromes is difficult, the prognosis is often poor. Proper diagnosis of these neurodegenerative disorders is important as individual treatments will vary depending on the condition. Nuclear medicine SPECT procedure using 123I-IBZM, is an effective tool in the establishment of the differential diagnosis between patients with Parkinson's disease and Parkinson-Plus syndromes.[8]
Treatments
The Parkinson-plus syndromes are usually more rapidly progressive and less likely to respond to anti-parkinsonian medication than Parkinson's disease.[9] [10] However, the additional features of the diseases may respond to medications not used in Parkinson's disease.
Current therapy for Parkinson-plus syndromes is centered around a multidisciplinary treatment of symptoms.[11]
These disorders have been linked to pesticide exposure.[12]
See also
References
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- ↑ Cecil Textbook of Medicine, 22nd edition, ISBN 0-7216-9652-X
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Multiple System Atrophy with Orthostatic Hypotension Information Page
- ↑ Loss of Dopamine-D2 Receptor Binding Sites in Parkinsonian Plus Syndromes
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Molloy, F. M., & Healy, D. G. (2011). Parkinsonism Plus Syndromes. In O. Hardiman & C. P. Doherty (Eds.), Neurodegenerative Disorders (181-196). London: Springer London. doi:10.1007/978-1-84996-011-3_9
- ↑ Milestones in Atypical and Secondary Parkinsonisms
