Paul Heyse

Paul Heyse
Portrait of Paul Heyse, by Adolph von Menzel
Born	Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse (1830-03-15)15 March 1830 Berlin, German Confederation
Died	Munich, German Empire
Nationality	German
Notable awards	Nobel Prize in Literature 1910
Signature

Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse (15 March 1830 – 2 April 1914) was a distinguished German writer and translator. A member of two important literary societies, the Tunnel über der Spree in Berlin and Die Krokodile in Munich, he wrote novels, poetry, 177 short stories, and about sixty dramas. The sum of Heyse's many and varied productions made him a dominant figure among German men of letters. He was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1910 "as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories." Wirsen, one of the Nobel judges, said that "Germany has not had a greater literary genius since Goethe." Heyse is the fourth oldest laureate in literature, after Doris Lessing, Theodor Mommsen and Jaroslav Seifert.

Life

Berlin (1830–54)

Paul Heyse was born on 15 March 1830 in Heiliggeiststraße, Berlin. His father, the distinguished philologist Karl Wilhelm Ludwig Heyse, was a professor at the University of Berlin who had been the tutor of both Wilhelm von Humboldt's youngest son (during 1815–17) and Felix Mendelssohn (during 1819–27). His paternal grandfather Johann Christian August Heyse (21 April 1764, Nordhausen – 27 July 1829, Magdeburg), was a famous German grammarian and lexicographer.

Heyse attended the renamed Friedrich-Wilhelms-Gymnasium until 1847. He was later remembered as a model student. His family connections gained him early entry to the artistic circles of Berlin, where he made the acquaintance of Emanuel Geibel, a man fifteen years his elder who was to become his literary mentor and lifelong friend, and who introduced him to his future father-in-law, the art historian and writer Franz Kugler.

After leaving school Heyse began studying classical philology. He met Jacob Burckhardt, Adolph Menzel, Theodor Fontane and Theodor Storm, and in 1849 joined the Tunnel über der Spree literary group. Frühlingsanfang 1848, the first of Heyse's poems to see print, expressed his enthusiasm for the recent Revolution. After a brief excursion to see the student militias he returned home without joining them, apparently out of consideration for the concerns of his parents and friends.

Paul Heyse

Having studied for two years at the University of Berlin he left for Bonn in April 1849 in order to study art history and Romance languages. In 1850 he finally resolved on a career as a writer and began a dissertation under the supervision of Friedrich Diez, a pioneer of Romance philology in Germany; but when it was discovered he was conducting an affair with the wife of one of his professors he was sent back to Berlin. Heyse's first book, Der Jungbrunnen (a collection of tales and poetry) was published anonymously by his father that same year as was his tragedy Francesca von Rimini. About the same time, Heyse received from the publisher Alexander Duncker a manuscript by the then-unknown Theodor Storm. Heyse's enthusiastic critique of Sommergeschichten und Lieder laid the foundations of their future friendship.

In 1851 Heyse won a contest held by the members of the "Tunnel" for the ballad Das Tal von Espigno, and his first short story, "Marion" (1852), was similarly honoured. It was followed in 1852 by the Spanisches Liederbuch, a collection of translations of poems and folk songs by Geibel and Heyse which was to be a favourite with composers, including Robert Schumann (Opp. 74 & 138), Adolf Jensen (Op. 21) and Hugo Wolf (Lieder collection Spanisches Liederbuch, 1891). Wolf also set poems from Heyse's collection Italienisches Liederbuch of 1860 (Lieder collection Italienisches Liederbuch 1892–96). Throughout his career Heyse worked as a translator, above all of Italian literature (Leopardi, Giusti).

Several members of the "Tunnel" began to find its formalities and public nature distasteful, and a smaller circle, the Rütli, was formed in December 1852: it included Kugler, Lepel, Fontane, Storm, and Heyse.

In May 1852 Heyse was awarded a doctorate for his work on the troubadours, and a Prussian scholarship allowed him to depart for Italy to look for old Provençal manuscripts. He made friends with Arnold Böcklin and Joseph Victor von Scheffel but was banned from the Vatican library after being discovered copying passages from unpublished manuscripts. He returned to Germany in 1853, where, with the Italian landscape still fresh in his mind, he wrote the works which first made him famous: his most famous short story, "L'Arrabbiata" ("The Fury", 1853, published in 1855); and the Lieder aus Sorrent ("Songs of Sorrento", 1852/53). Much of his new writing appeared in the Argo, the yearbook of the Rütli writers.

Munich (1854–1914)

Emanuel Geibel persuaded the King of Bavaria, Maximilian II, to grant Heyse a titular professorship in Munich. Heyse was thus appointed professor of Romance philology, although he never taught at that city's university. After his marriage on 15 May to Margarete Kugler he arrived in Munich on 25 May 1854. At his first audience with the King, Heyse presented his verse tales, Hermen, and began a productive life as one of the Nordlichtern ("northern lights": Geibel, Heyse and Riehl) and establishing another literary society, Die Krokodile, which included Felix Dahn, Wilhelm Hertz, Hermann Lingg, Franz von Kobell, the cultural historian Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl, Friedrich Bodenstedt, and the travel writer and art patron Adolf Friedrich von Schack. In December Heyse began a long correspondence with Eduard Mörike.

On 22 August 1855 Heyse's first son, Franz, was born. Heyse would have four children by his first marriage: Franz (1855–1919), Julie or Lulu (Frau Baumgarten, 1857–1928), Ernst (1859–1871) and Clara (Frau Layriz, 1861–1931). In 1859, obligations to the Kugler family led Heyse to take up a position as editor of the Literaturblatt zum deutschen Kunstblatt, and he declined a tempting offer from the Grand Duke Carl Alexander von Weimar which would have involved moving to Thuringia.

Etching by Ferdinand Schmutzer

On 30 September 1862, his wife Margarete died in Meran of a lung illness. He completed the historical drama, Ludwig der Bayer — a Bavarian period piece which Maximilian II had long been eager to see — but its theatrical production was a failure. Nevertheless Heyse worked throughout the 1860s on new plays, eventually achieving his greatest success with Kolberg (1865).

He married Anna Schubart in 1867. Over the next three decades, Heyse continued to write prolifically. Despite a number of bereavements his life was uneventful, and his fame grew steadily until he was a world-famous figure. He was a very early opponent of naturalism, making critical references to it in print long before its influence could be felt in Germany. Younger critics who favoured naturalism made attacks on his writings, to which he replied in Merlin (1892): but their influence on the public was negligible. He was dubbed Dichterfürst, prince of poetry, and he worked tirelessly to promote international understanding within Europe. In 1900, he was named an honorary citizen of Munich, and several special publications honoured his 70th birthday; and in 1910, he was made a member of the nobility, before being awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature on 10 December. He could not attend the ceremony, and was represented in Sweden by Count von Pückler.

His last published works were Letzten Novellen and Italienischen Volksmärchen (1914). He died on 2 April 1914, several months before the outbreak of World War I, and was buried in the old section of the Waldfriedhof (Nr. 43-W-27).

A street in Munich, "Paul-Heyse Strasse" is named after him. It crosses Schwanthaler Strasse and it is near the "Theresienwiese", the site of Munich's annual Bierfest.

Works in English translation

• Four Phases of Love (1857; translated by E.H. Kingsley), short stories: "Eye-Blindness and Soul-Blindness," "Marion," "La Rabbiata," and "By the Banks of the Tiber".
• Andrea Delfin (1864)
• L'Arrabiata, and Other Tales (1867; translated by Mary Wilson), short stories: "L'Arrabiata", "Count Ernest's Home", "Blind" and "Walter's Little Mother".
• The Lonely Ones (1869)
• The Dead Lake, and Other Tales (1870; translated by Mary Wilson), short stories: "A Fortnight at the Dead Lake", "Doomed", "Beatrice" and "Beginning, and End".
• Barbarossa and Other Tales (1874), short stories: "Barbarossa", "The Embroideress of Treviso", "Lottka", "The Lost Son", "The Fair Kate" and "Geoffroy and Garcinde".
• The Maiden of Treppi; or, Love's Victory (1874; translated by A.W. Hinton)
• "Count Ernest's Home". In: Good Stories (1876; translated by C. Parsons)
• In Paradise (1878–79), a novel.
• Tales from the German (1879), short stories: "Count Ernest's Home", "The Dead Lake", "The Fury (L'Arrabiata)" and "Judith Stern".
• Children of the World (1882), a novel.
• The Witch of the Corso (1882; translated by George W. Ingraham), a novel.
• Selected Stories (1885), short stories: "L'Arrabiata", "Beppe, the Star-gazer" and "Maria Francisca".
• The Romance of the Canoness (1887; translated by Mary Joanna Safford), a novel.
• La Marchesa, a Tale of the Riviera and Other Tales (1887; translated by John Philips), short stories: "La Marchesa," "Her Excellency's Daughter," and "A Divided Heart".
• Words Never to Be Forgotten and The Donkey: Two Novellettes (1888; translated by Abbie E. Fordyce)
• "Emerenz". In: The Cosmopolitan, Vols. V–VI (1888; translated by R. Theodor & F. Schwartz)
• Incurable (1890; translated by H.W. Eve), a novel.
• "A Christmas Present". In: Harper's Magazine, Vol. LXXXII (1890), a short story.
• "The Maid of Treppi". In: The Strand Magazine, Vol. I (1891; illustrated by Gordon Browne)
• "The Beginning and the End." In: Romance, Vol. VII (1892; translated by Flora E. Pettibone)
• Two Prisoners (1893), a novel.
• A Divided Heart, and Other Stories (1894; translated by Constance Stewart Copeland), short stories: "A Divided Heart", "Minka" and "Rothenburg on the Tauber".
• "The Wedding at Capri". In: The Cosmopolitan, Vol. XVI (1894; illustrated by C.S. Reinhart)
• At the Ghost Hour (1894; translated by Frances A. Van Santford), supernatural tales: "The Fair Abigail Dodd", "Mid-day Magic", "Little Lisbeth", "The Forest Laugh" and "The House of the Unbelieving Thomas".
• "L'Arrabbiata". In: Short Stories, Vol. XIX (1895; translated by Alice Wheeler Moore)
• "The Ghost's Revenge". In: Short Stories, Vol. XX (1895; translated by Fidelia F. Putnam & Annie M. Wadsworth)
• "Honest People". In: The Cosmopolitan, Vol. XX (1896), a short story.
• "Adventures of a Little Blue-Stocking". In: The International, Vol. I (1896; illustrated by Carl Zopf)
• "In Nature's Waggish Mood". In: The Living Age, Vols. CCXIV–CCXV (1897; translated by Harriet Lieber Cohen)
• "The Dryad". In: Short Stories, Vol. XXIX (1898; translated by Neil Carew)
• Mary of Magdala (1903; translated by William Winter), a drama in five acts.
• "The Power of the Hour". In: The English Illustrated Magazine, Vol. XXXI (1904; illustrated by Mary Horsfall)
• "Constancy of Man". In: Tales, Vol. XXIX (1905), a short story.
• "Lucia". In: Tales, Vol. XXXII (1906), a short story.
• "The Young Girl of Treppi". In: Short Story Classics (1907; translated by R.W. Howes)
• "Andrea Delfin". In: Library of the World's Best Mystery and Detective Stories (1908; translated by Edward Ziegler)
• "Nino and Maso". In: The German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Vol. XIII (1914; translated by Alfred Remy)
• "The Spell of Rothenburg". In: The German Classics of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Vol. XIII (1914; translated by C.L. Townsend)

References

• Swales, Martin (1977). The German Novelle. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.

Further reading

• Brandes, Georg (1886). "Paul Heyse." In: Eminent Authors of the Nineteenth Century. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell & Co., pp. 1–60.
• Copeland, Constance Stewart (1894). "Introduction—Paul Heyse." In: A Divided Heart, and Other Stories. New York: Brentano's, pp. 11–24.
• Hansson, Laura Mohr (1899). "Paul Heyse and the Incommensurable." In: We Women and Our Authors. London: John Lane the Bodley Head, pp. 61–79.
• Krockow, Lida von (1893). "Paul Heyse," The Atlantic Monthly, Vol. LXXI, pp. 410–415.
• Krockow, Lida von (1894). "A Talk with Paul Heyse," The Outlook, Vol. L, No. 3, pp. 92–93.
• Phelps, William Lyon (1922). "Conversations with Paul Heyse." In: Essays on Books. New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 314–319.
• Wilberforce, Edward (1865). "German Novelists: Freytag, Auerbach, Heyse," The North British Review, Vol. XLIII, pp. 323–350.

External links

• Paul Johann Ludwig von Heyse on Nobelprize.org
• Photo and Short Biography at Timeline of Nobel Winners
• Works by Paul Heyse at Project Gutenberg
• Works by Paul Heyse at Hathi Trust
• Works by Paul Heyse at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• List of musical settings at Emily Ezust's Lied, Art Song, and Choral Texts Archive