Penny Black

For other uses, see Penny Black (disambiguation).

Penny Black
Country of production	United Kingdom
Location of production	London
Date of production	1 May 1840 (1840-05-01)– February 1841 (1841-02)
Perforation	None
Notability	World's first adhesive postage stamp
Face value	1 penny
Estimated value	£3–4,000 (mint)

File:Pennyblack-pd.jpg

A Penny Black, with a red cancellation that was hard to see and easily removed.

File:Penny Black sheet.jpg

A large mint block of the Penny Black.

File:Perkins D cylinder printing press in the British Library.jpg

The Jacob Perkins' press, that printed the Penny Black and the 2d Blue, in the British Library Philatelic Collections.

The Penny Black was the world's first adhesive postage stamp used in a public postal system. It was issued in Great Britain on 1 May 1840, for official use from 6 May of that year. It features a profile of Queen Victoria.

In 1837, British postal rates were high, complex and anomalous. To simplify matters, Sir Rowland Hill proposed an adhesive stamp to indicate pre-payment of postage. At the time it was normal for the recipient to pay postage on delivery, charged by the sheet and on distance travelled. By contrast, the Penny Black allowed letters of up to half an ounce (14g) to be delivered at a flat rate, regardless of distance.

Postal delivery systems using what may have been adhesive stamps existed before the Penny Black. The idea had at least been suggested earlier in Austria, Sweden, and possibly Greece.

Treasury competition

On 13 February 1837, Sir Rowland Hill proposed to a government enquiry both the idea of a pre-paid stamp and a pre-paid envelope, a separate sheet folded to form an enclosure for carrying letters. Hill was given a two-year contract to run the new system, and together with Henry Cole he announced a competition to design the new stamps. There were 2,600 entries but none was considered suitable; instead a rough design endorsed by Hill was chosen, featuring an easily recognisable profile of the 15-year-old former Princess Victoria. Hill believed this would be difficult to forge. An envelope bearing a reproduction of a design created by the artist William Mulready was also issued.

Design

The portrait of Victoria was engraved by Charles Heath and his son Frederick, based on a sketch provided by Henry Corbould. Corbould's sketch was in turn based on the 1834 cameo-like head by William Wyon, which was used on a medal to commemorate the Queen's visit to the City of London in 1837. This portrait of Victoria remained on British stamps until her death in 1901, although by then she was 81 years old. All British stamps still bear a portrait or silhouette of the monarch somewhere on the design. They are the only postage stamps in the world that do not show country of origin; the monarch's image symbolises the United Kingdom.

Initially, Hill specified that the stamps should be 3/4 inch square, but altered the dimensions to 3/4 inch wide by 7/8 inch tall (approx 19 x 22 mm) to accommodate the writing at the bottom. The word "POSTAGE" at the top of the design distinguishes it from a revenue stamp, which had long been used in the UK; "ONE PENNY." at the bottom shows the amount pre-paid for postage of the stamped letter. The background to the portrait consists of finely engraved engine turnings. The two upper corners hold Maltese crosses with radiant solar discs at their centres; the lower corner letters show the position of the stamp in the printed sheet, from "A A" at top left to "T L" at bottom right. The sheets, printed by Perkins Bacon, consisted of 240 stamps in 20 rows of 12 columns. One full sheet cost 240 pence or one pound; one row of 12 stamps cost a shilling. As the name suggests, the stamp was printed in black ink. A two penny stamp printed in blue and covering the double-letter rate (up to an ounce) was issued on 8 May 1840.

Issue

Although the stamps were not officially issued for sale until 6 May 1840, some offices such as those in Bath sold the stamps unofficially before that date. There are covers postmarked 2 May, and a single example is known on cover dated 1 May 1840. All London post offices received official supplies of the new stamps but other offices throughout the United Kingdom did not, continuing to accept payments for postage in cash for a period.

The Penny Black lasted less than a year. A red cancellation was hard to see on the black design and the red ink was easy to remove; both made it possible to re-use cancelled stamps. In February 1841, the Treasury switched to the Penny Red and began using black ink for cancellations, which was more effective and harder to remove. However, people still reused stamps by combining the uncancelled parts of two stamps to form an unused whole, so in 1864 as a further safeguard the top corner stars on the Penny Red were replaced by the lower corner check letters in reverse order.

Imprimatur sheet

Imprimaturs sheets are from among the first sheets of stamps printed from a finished printing plate. The actual imprimatur (Let it be printed) refers to the written permission of the Inland Revenue officials entered on the back of the sheet of stamps. In the 19th century, it was common for officials to remove some stamps from each sheet to present as gifts to dignitaries and other important people. Individual stamps from an Imprimatur sheet can thus be found for sale on the open market.

A complete sheet of the Penny Black without check letters is held by the British Postal Museum. This unique item is in fact a plate proof, and by definition not an imprimatur sheet.

Printing

Main article: Penny Black printing plates

File:Penny Black Block of six.jpeg

A mint block of six, plate 11.

The Penny Black was printed from 11 plates, but as Plate 1 was completely overhauled due to excessive wear, it is generally considered to be two separate plates, 1a and 1b. Plate 11 was originally intended solely for the printing of new red stamps, but a small number were printed in black. These are scarce.

The stamps were printed in unperforated sheets, to be cut with scissors for sale and use.

An original printing press for the Penny Black, the "D" cylinder press invented by Jacob Perkins and patented in 1819, is on display at the British Library in London.

Rarity

The total print run was 286,700 sheets containing 68,808,000 stamps. Many were saved and in used condition they remain readily available to collectors. The only known complete sheets of the Penny Black are owned by the British Postal Museum.

The VR official

Main article: VR official

In addition to the general issue of the Penny Black, a similar stamp intended for official mail was produced, with the letters "V" and "R" replacing the crosses in the top corners. Because the general public quickly accepted the postage stamps and ridiculed the Mulready stationery produced at the same time, vast supplies of Mulready letter sheets were given for official use to government departments such as the tax office and the idea of introducing an official stamp was abandoned. Only a few postally used examples exist, which probably originate from the Post Office circulars sent out as advance notice of the new stamps. Four are known on covers; all were cut from their envelopes and then replaced. Most of the cancelled examples are from trials of cancellation types, inks, and experiments with their removal. Those trials led to the change from black to red stamps, and vice versa for the cancellations.

It has been said that the VR official was made from the original master die. However, since the die, with the original crosses intact, is now in The British Postal Museum & Archive in London, that cannot be the case. It is now believed that the master for the VR official was produced from the transfer roller used for the production of Plate 1 with the crosses removed from the top corners, as some impressions still show traces of the original crosses.

See also

• List of British postage stamps
• List of notable postage stamps
• Mauritius "Post Office"
• Penny Blue
• Penny Red
• Postage stamps and postal history of Great Britain
• Two penny blue

References and sources

References

Sources

Further reading

• Holyoake, Alan. The World's First Postage Stamp. London: Royal Philatelic Society, London, 2013 ISBN 978-0-900631-73-3 159p.
• Jackson, Mike. May Dates: A survey of Penny Blacks, Twopenny Blues, Mulreadys and caricatures used during May 1840. Melton Mowbray, Leicestershire: Mike Jackson Publications, c1999. ISBN 0-952827-41-7.
• Litchfield, Percy C. Guide Lines To The Penny Black: a detailed description of each one of the 2880 stamps and the plates from which it was printed. London: R. Lowe, 1979.
• Muir, Douglas N. Postal Reform and the Penny Black: A New Appreciation. London: National Postal Museum, 1990 ISBN 0-951594-80-X
• Nissen, Charles. Great Britain: The Penny Black: Its Plate Characteristics. Kent, [England]: F. Hugh Vallancey, 1948.
• Nissen, Charles and Bertram McGowan. The Plating of The Penny Black Postage Stamp Of Great Britain, 1840: with a description of each individual stamp on the eleven different plates, affording a guide to collectors in the reconstruction of the sheets. London: Stanley Gibbons, 1998 ISBN 0-85259-461-5
• Proud, Edward B. Penny Black Plates. Heathfield, East Sussex: Proud-Bailey, c1985.
• Rigo de Righi, A.G. The Story of the Penny Black and Its Contemporaries. London: National Postal Museum, 1980 ISBN 0-9500018-7-2

External links

• The digitised R.M. Phillips Collection of Victorian philately
• The 1840 Penny Black at the American National Postal Museum
• These stamps are the legends of the hobby Linns.com Refresher Courses