Periodic paralysis

Periodic paralysis
Classification and external resources
Specialty
ICD-10	G72.3
ICD-9-CM	359.3
Patient UK	Periodic paralysis
MeSH	D010245

Periodic paralysis (also known as Myoplegia paroxysmalis familiaris) is a group of rare genetic diseases that lead to weakness or paralysis (rarely death) from common triggers such as cold, heat, high carbohydrate meals, not eating, stress or excitement and physical activity of any kind. The underlying mechanism of these diseases are malfunctions in the ion channels in skeletal muscle cell membranes that allow electrically charged ions to leak in or out of the muscle cell, causing the cell to depolarize and become unable to move (a channelopathy).

The symptoms of periodic paralysis can also be caused by hyperthyroidism, and are then labeled thyrotoxic periodic paralysis; however, if this is the underlying condition there are likely to be other characteristic manifestations, enabling a correct diagnosis.

Types

Periodic paralysis is an autosomal dominant myopathy with considerable variation in penetrance, leading to a spectrum of familial phenotypes (only one parent needs to carry the gene mutation to affect the children, but not all family members who share the gene are affected to the same degree). Specific diseases include:

• Hypokalemic periodic paralysis (Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 170400), where potassium leaks into the muscle cells from the bloodstream.

• Hyperkalemic periodic paralysis (Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 170500), where potassium leaks out of the cells into the bloodstream.

• Paramyotonia congenita (Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 168300), a form which often accompanies hyperkalemic periodic paralysis, but may present alone. The primary symptom of paramyotonia congenita is muscle contracture which develops during exercise or activity. Paramyotonia congenita attacks may also be triggered by a low level of potassium in the bloodstream. This means people with both hyperkalemic periodic paralysis and paramyotonia congenita can have attacks with fluctuations of potassium up or down.

• Andersen-Tawil syndrome (Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 170390), a form of periodic paralysis that includes significant heart rhythm problems, fainting and risk of sudden death. Potassium levels may be low, high, or normal during attacks of ATS. Patients with ATS may also have skeletal abnormalities like scoliosis (curvature of the spine), webbing between the second and third toes or fingers (syndactyly), crooked fingers (clinodactyly), a small jaw (micrognathia) and low-set ears. Patients need to have another form of periodic paralysis to have the Andersen-Tawil. If a patient has hypo or hyper periodic paralysis they have a 50% chance of getting Andersen-Tawil. They just have to have the gene that causes it. This is a rare occurrence of having this. Only around 100 people in the world are recorded to have it.

Diagnosis

This disease is unusually difficult to diagnose. Patients often report years of wrong diagnosis and treatments that made them worse instead of better. Part of this may be that migraines are present in up to 50% of patients and can cause a confusing array of symptoms including headaches, speech difficulties and visual, auditory or sensory auras. DNA testing is available for only a half dozen common gene mutations, while dozens of known mutations are possible but are not routinely tested. Electromyography (EMG) findings are not specific. The old glucose/insulin provocative testing can cause life-threatening symptoms and should not be used.

Also of note is that potassium levels do not have to range outside of normal limits to cause serious, even life-threatening paralysis. These diseases are not the same as having a very low level of potassium (hypokalemia) or high potassium (hyperkalemia) and must not be treated as such. The total body store of potassium is usually normal; it is just in the wrong place.

Treatment

Treatment of the periodic paralyses usually includes carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (such as acetazolamide, methazolamide or dichlorphenamide), taking supplemental oral potassium chloride and a potassium-sparing diuretic (for hypos) or avoiding potassium (for hypers), thiazide diuretics to increase the amount of potassium excreted by the kidneys (for hypers), and significant lifestyle changes including tightly controlled levels of exercise or activity. However, the exact gene mutation, the ion channel affected, and the amount of genetic change or expression can have significant impact on disability and treatment.

Treatment of Andersen-Tawil syndrome is similar to that for other types of periodic paralysis. However, Pacemaker insertion or an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator may be required to control cardiac symptoms.

Prognosis

While the disability can range from minor, occasional weakness to permanent muscle damage, inability to hold a normal job and use of a powerchair, most people function fairly well with drugs and lifestyle changes.

References

External Links

• http://www.periodicparalysisnetwork.com/
• Periodic Paralysis Association
• Periodic Paralysis News Desk
• NIH information page on periodic paralysis
• Cleveland Clinic
• eMedicine