Peruvian Navy

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Peruvian Navy
Marina de Guerra del Perú
280px
Coat of arms of the Peruvian Navy
Active 8 October 1821 - today
Country Peru
Allegiance Ministry of Defense
Branch Navy
Size 25,988 active personnel 51 ships, 33 aircraft
Headquarters Callao naval base
Patron Miguel Grau Seminario
Anniversaries October 8 - Navy's Foundation Day and Anniversary of the Battle of Angamos
Engagements Gran Colombia-Peru War

War of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation
Chincha Islands War
War of the Pacific

Ecuadorian–Peruvian War
Commanders
Commander-in-Chief Carlos Tijeda[1]
Insignia
Naval Ensign Flag of Peru (state).svg
Naval Jack Naval Jack of Peru.svg

The Peruvian Navy (Spanish: Marina de Guerra del Perú, abbreviated MGP) is the branch of the Peruvian Armed Forces tasked with surveillance, patrol and defense on lakes, rivers and the Pacific Ocean up to 200 nautical miles (370 km; 230 mi) from the Peruvian littoral. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief operations and participating in international peacekeeping operations. The Marina de Guerra del Perú celebrates on 8 October the anniversary of its creation (1821) and of the Battle of Angamos (1879).

History

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Battle of Angamos, October 8, 1879.

The Marina de Guerra del Perú was established on 8 October 1821 by the government of general José de San Martín. Its first actions were undertaken during the War of Independence (1821–1824) using captured Spanish warships. Shortly afterwards it was engaged in the war against the Gran Colombia (1828–1829) during which it conducted a blockade against the seaport of Guayaquil and then helped with the occupation of this city by Peruvian forces. It saw further action during the wars of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839) and during the Chincha Islands War with Spain (1866). The breakout of the War of the Pacific (1879–1883) caught the Peruvian Navy unprepared and with inferior forces in comparison with the Chilean Navy. Even so, hit-and-run tactics carried out by Peruvian Admiral Miguel Grau, commander of the ironclad Huáscar, delayed the Chilean advance by six months until his death and defeat at the Battle of Angamos.

After the war, the Peruvian Navy had to be rebuilt from the ground up. In 1900 the force amounted to only one cruiser of 1,700 tons displacement, a screw-driven steamer, and ten smaller ships - the latter described by a contemporary British publication as "of no real value".[2] The lengthy process of expansion and rebuilding started in 1907 with the acquisition in the United Kingdom of the protected cruisers Almirante Grau and Coronel Bolognesi, followed by the arrival of two submarines, Ferré and Palacios, from France in 1911. During the Presidency of Augusto B. Leguía (1919–1930) a Navy Ministry was established as well as a Navy Aviation Corps, both in 1920. Border conflicts with Colombia in 1911 and 1932 and a war with Ecuador in 1941 saw Peruvian warships involved in some skirmishes in support of the Army. The attack on Pearl Harbor brought World War II to the Pacific and even though Peru did not declare war on the Axis until 1945, its Navy was involved in patrol missions against possible threats by the Imperial Japanese Navy from early 1942 up to mid-1945. During the 1970s and the first half of the 1980s the Peruvian Navy carried out a major buildup programme[3] which allowed it to take advantage over its traditional rival, the Chilean Navy. This proved to be temporary because the economic crisis of the second half of the 1980s forced the decommissioning of several warships and resulted in a general lack of funds for maintenance. The economic upturn of the 1990s and 2000s has permitted some improvement although at a reduced force level compared to the early 1980s.

Organization

Peruvian Navy
Marina de Guerra del Perú
Naval Jack of Peru.svg
History
History of the Peruvian Navy
Battles of the Peruvian Navy
Ships
Current ships
Historic ships
Personnel
Senior officers
Officer rank insignia
Enlisted rate insignia
Other
Naval School

The current Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Navy is Admiral Carlos Tijeda.[1] Naval Forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense and ultimately to the President as Commander-in-Chief of the Peruvian Armed Forces. They are organized as follows:

Operational units are divided between three commands:

Comandancia General de Operaciones del Pacífico

Pacific Operations General Command, it comprises the following units:

  • Fuerza de Superficie (Surface Force)
  • Fuerza de Submarinos (Submarine Force)
  • Fuerza de Aviación Naval (Naval aviation Force)
  • Fuerza de Infantería de Marina (Naval Infantry Force)
  • Fuerza de Operaciones Especiales (Special Operations Force)
Comandancia General de Operaciones de la Amazonía

Amazon Operations General Command, tasked with river patrolling in the Peruvian portion of the Amazon Basin.

Dirección General de Capitanías y Guardacostas

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Main article: Peruvian Coast Guard

Coast Guard, tasked with law enforcement on Peruvian territorial waters, rivers and lakes.

Bases

Callao naval base.

Although most of the fleet is based at Callao, this is not considered an ideal location because it is also the main outlet for Peruvian trade, causing space and security problems. During the 1980s the building of a new naval base at Chimbote was considered but high costs and a bad economic situation made the project unfeasible.[4]

Personnel

Standing watch on BAP Mariátegui (FM-54).
Personnel (as of 2001)[5]
Commissioned Officers 2,107
Non-commissioned officers 16,863
Cadets 620
NCO in training 1,533
Enlisted 4,855
Civilians 5,079
Total 25,988 (excl. civilians)

Ranks

  • Ranks of the officers of the Navy [6]
  • Ranks of the sub-officers of the Navy [7]
  • Ranks of the enlisted of the navy [8]

Ships

Current ships

Vessel Origin Type Class In service Notes
Submarines (6 in service)
BAP Angamos (SS-31)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1200 Yes ex-BAP Casma.
BAP Antofagasta (SS-32)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1200 Yes
BAP Pisagua (SS-33)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1200 Yes
BAP Chipana (SS-34)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1200 Yes ex-BAP Blume.
BAP Islay (SS-35)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1100 Yes Upgraded in 2008
BAP Arica (SS-36)  Germany diesel-electric submarine Type 209/1100 Yes Upgraded in 2008
Guided missile cruiser (1 in service)
BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81)  Netherlands guided missile cruiser De Zeven Provinciën-class cruiser Yes ex-De Ruyter
Flagship of the Peruvian Navy
Guided missile frigates (5 in service, 2 being upgraded)
BAP Villavisencio (FM-52)  Italy guided missile frigate Carvajal-class frigate Yes
BAP Montero (FM-53)  Peru guided missile frigate Carvajal-class frigate Yes
BAP Mariátegui (FM-54)  Peru guided missile frigate Carvajal-class frigate Yes
BAP Aguirre (FM-55)  Italy guided missile frigate Lupo-class frigate No ex-Orsa (F-567), currently being overhauled and upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard along with BAP Bolognesi.
BAP Palacios (FM-56)  Italy guided missile frigate Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Lupo (F-564)
BAP Bolognesi (FM-57)  Italy guided missile frigate Lupo-class frigate No ex-Perseo (F-566) currently being overhauled and upgraded in SIMA Callao shipyard, including locally-made CMS and ESM systems, a Kronos NV 3D radar, MASS countermeasures system and 4 MM40 Block III Exocet missiles replacing Otomat.[9]
BAP Quiñones (FM-58)  Italy guided missile frigate Lupo-class frigate Yes ex-Sagittario (F-565)
Guided missile corvettes (6 in service)
BAP Velarde (CM-21)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Santillana (CM-22)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP De los Heros (CM-23)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Herrera (CM-24)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Larrea (CM-25)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26)  France fast attack craft PR-72P-class corvette Yes
Amphibious (2 in service, 1 in construction, 1 ordered)
BAP Paita  Peru Landing Platform, Dock Makassar class No first ship of its class laid down on 12 July 2013 in the SIMA Callao shipyard[10]
BAP Pisco  Peru Landing Platform, Dock Makassar class No second ship is also on order and both are scheduled to be delivered in 2015.[11]
BAP Callao (DT-143)  United States Landing Ship, Tank Terrebonne Parish class Yes ex-USS Washoe County
BAP Eten (DT-144)  United States Tank landing ship Terrebonne Parish class Yes ex-USS Traverse County
River gunboats vessels (5 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Loreto (CF-11)  United States River gunboat Loreto class Yes
BAP Amazonas (CF-12)  United States River gunboat Loreto class Yes
BAP Marañón (CF-13)  United Kingdom River gunboat Marañón class Yes
BAP Ucayali (CF-14)  United Kingdom River gunboat Marañón class Yes
BAP Clavero (CF-15)  Peru River gunboat Clavero class Yes severely damaged by an uncontrolled fire in her first operational deployment on 25 May 2010; leaving two crewmen badly injured.[12] Returned to service on 27 July 2012 during the BRACOLPER 2012 exercise.[13]
BAP Castilla (CF-16)  Peru River gunboat Clavero class No laid down on 9 April 2010 in the SIMA Iquitos shipyard.
launched on 8 June 2013.
Auxiliaries (11 in service, 1 in construction)
BAP Union  Peru Sail training ship - No laid down on 8 December 2012 in the SIMA Callao shipyard, delivery expected in 2015, with an estimated cost of US$50 millions.[14][15]
BAP Marte (ALY-313)  Canada Sailing yacht - Yes used as training ship
BAP Unanue (AMB-160)  United States Diving support ship Sotoyomo class Yes ex-USS Wateree
BAP San Lorenzo (ART-323)  Germany Torpedo recovery vessel - Yes
BAP Caloyeras (ACA-111)  United States Water harbour tanker YW type Yes ex-US YW-128
BAP Noguera (ACP-118)  United States Oil harbour tanker YO type Yes ex-US YO-221
BAP Gauden (ACP-119)  United States Oil harbour tanker YO type Yes ex-US YO-171
BAP Guardian Rios (ARB-123)  United States Offshore tugboat Cherokee class Yes ex-USS Pinto
BAP Dueñas (ARB-126)  United States Harbour tugboat YTB Yes
BAP Selendón  Peru Harbour tugboat 20 TBP class tug Yes Built in SIMA Callao shipyard, ordered in 2011.[16] Delivered in the first quarter of 2012.
BAP Medina  Peru Harbour tugboat 20 TBP class tug Yes Built in SIMA Callao shipyard, ordered in 2011. Delivered in late 2012.[16]
BAP Bayovar (ATP-154)  Russia Oil tanker Grigoriy Nesterenko type Yes ex-Petr Schmidt
BAP Zorritos (ATP-155)  Russia Oil tanker Grigoriy Nesterenko type Yes ex-Grigoriy Nesterenko
BAP Tacna (ARL-158)  Netherlands Replenishment Ship Amsterdam class Yes ex-HNLMS Amsterdam
Built in 1995, acquired in July 2014 from the Royal Netherlands Navy, commissioned on 4 December 2014 at the Den Helder naval base, Netherlands.[17]
Hospital vessels (5 in service)
BAP Morona (ABH-302)  Peru River hospital ship Morona class Yes
BAP Corrientes (ABH-303)  Peru Small river hospital craft - Yes
BAP Curaray (ABH-304)  Peru Small river hospital craft - Yes
BAP Pastaza (ABH-305)  Peru Small river hospital craft - Yes
BAP Puno (ABH-306)  United Kingdom Lake hospital ship Yavarí class Yes ex-Yapura
operated by the Peruvian Coast Guard
Scientific research vessels (6 in service, 1 in construction)
BIC Humboldt  Peru Oceanographic research ship Humboltd class Yes
Unnamed  Spain Oceanographic research ship No 95-m long steel-hulled vessel designed for working in the Antarctic region as well as in Peruvian waters. Construction contract signed in December 2014 with Freire Shipyard. Keel-laying scheduled for 22 June 2015, to be delivered July 2016.[18]
BAP Carrasco (AH-171)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship Dokkum class Yes ex-HNLMS Abcoude minesweeper
BAP Stiglich (AH-172)  Peru Hydrographic survey ship Morona class Yes
BAP La Macha (AEH-174)  Peru Hydrographic survey ship - Yes
BAP Carrillo (AH-175)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship van Straelen class Yes ex-HNLMS van Hamel minesweeper
BAP Melo (AH-176)  Netherlands Hydrographic survey ship van Straelen class Yes ex-HNLMS van der Wel minesweeper

Museum Ships

Vessel Origin Type Class Decommissioned Notes
BAP América (RH-90)  United Kingdom River gunboat América class restored at SIMA Iquitos shipyard, on display in Clavero naval station.
BAP Abtao (SS-42)  United States Sierra-type submarine[19] Abtao class 1998 become a museum ship in 2004

Recently Decommissioned Ships

Vessel Origin Type Class Decommissioned Notes
BAP Unión (ABE-161)  Peru Transport ship Ilo class December 2014 ex-BAP Mollendo (ATC-131). Decommissioned in late 2014, towed to be scrapped in Ecuador.
BAP Carvajal (FM-51)  Italy guided missile frigate Carvajal-class frigate 26 December 2013 Transferred to the Coast Guard under the name BAP Guardiamarina San Martin (PO-201) after being stripped down of its missile weaponry and main radar, reclassified as Patrullera Oceánica (Offshore patrol vessel).[20]
BAP Paita (DT-141)  United States Tank landing ship Terrebonne Parish class September 2012 ex-USS Walworth County (LST-1164), sunk as a target during the exercise Independencia
BAP Pisco (DT-142)  United States Landing Ship, Tank Terrebonne Parish class 2012 ex-USS Waldo County (LST-1163), scrapped that year after sold.
BAP Ferré (DM-74)  United Kingdom Guided-missile destroyer Daring class 13 July 2007[21] ex-HMS Decoy
BAP Talara (ATP-152)  Peru Replenishment tanker Talara class August 12, 2008[22] capable of underway replenishment at sea from the stern
BAP Lobitos (ATP-153)  United States Oil tanker Sealift Pacific class July 20, 2008[23] ex-USNS Sealift Caribbean (T-AOT-174)

Naval Aviation

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Main article: Peruvian Naval Aviation

The Naval Aviation Force ((Spanish): Fuerza de Aviación Naval, AVINAV) is the air branch of the Peruvian Navy, its roles include anti-submarine warfare, anti-surface warfare, maritime surveillance, reconnaissance and transport of marine personnel. It is also responsible for airborne operations of the Peruvian Marines.

Naval infantry

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Main article: Peruvian Naval Infantry
Peruvian Naval Infantry conducting exercises on the Amazon river.

Naval Infantry Brigade

Other units

  • 3rd Naval Infantry Battalion - Tumbes
  • 4th Naval Infantry Battalion - Puno
  • 1st Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion - Iquitos
  • 2nd Jungle Naval Infantry Battalion - Pucallpa
  • Naval Infantry Detachment Litoral Sur - Mollendo

Equipment

Name Origin Type Version Used by Notes
Naval artillery
Bofors 152 mm gun  Sweden dual-purpose naval gun 152/53 model 1942 De Zeven Provinciën-class cruiser
Oto Melara 127/54 Compact Gun  Italy dual-purpose naval gun 127/54 Compact Lupo-class frigate
Oto Melara 76/62 Compact Gun  Italy dual-purpose naval gun 76/62 Compact PR-72P-class corvette
Oto Melara Twin 40 Compact Gun  Italy Close-in weapon system (CIWS) Twin 40L70 De Zeven Provinciën-class cruiser
Lupo-class frigate
PR-72P-class corvette
Anti-ship missiles
MBDA Otomat  Italy anti-ship missile (AShM) Otomat II Block 4 De Zeven Provinciën-class cruiser
Lupo-class frigate		 on 8 December 2008 an updated Otomat II Block 3 missile was successfully launched from BAP Aguirre, hit a target at a range in excess of 150 km (93 mi).[24]
MBDA Exocet  France anti-ship missile (AShM) MM40 Block 3 Lupo-class frigate four fire control systems and sixteen missiles ordered on 15 December 2010.[25] Scheduled to be installed in the 4 Aguirre class frigates.
MBDA Exocet  France anti-ship missile (AShM) MM38 PR-72P-class corvette
MBDA Exocet  France anti-ship missile (AShM) AM39 Block 1 ASH-3D Sea King Land-based. Currently not embarked in any surface unit of the Peruvian Navy
Surface-to-air missile
MBDA Aspide  Italy surface-to-air missile (SAM) Aspide 1A Lupo-class frigate
9K38 Igla  Russia MANPADS 9K310 Igla-1 PR-72P class corvette
Peruvian Naval Infantry		 used in MGP-86 mount for close air defence
to be replaced with the FN-6 missile system
FN-6  China MANPADS FN-6 Peruvian Naval Infantry a small batch acquired in July, 2009 for US$1.1 million[26]
Torpedoes
Atlas Elektronik SUT  Germany 533 mm heavyweight torpedo SUT 264 Type 209 submarine
Atlas Elektronik SST  Germany 533 mm heavyweight torpedo SST-4 mod 0 Type 209 submarine
Mark 44 torpedo  United States 324 mm lightweight torpedo Mk 44 mod 1 Lupo-class frigate
AB-212ASW
ASH-3D
Alenia-Whitehead A244/S  Italy 324 mm lightweight torpedo A244/S Lupo-class frigate
AB-212ASW
ASH-3D

Peacekeeping operations

The Peruvian Navy has been actively involved in several United Nations Peacekeeping Operations. As of June 2006 Naval Infantry and Special Operations troops have been deployed to United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP) (embedded in the Argentine forces [27] ) and United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH). Peruvian naval officers have also been deployed to United Nations Organization Mission in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUC), United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI), United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) as United Nations Militar Observers (UNMOs). By 2012 the Peruvian Navy sent its first officer to serve in United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei.

Future orders

  • As of December 2013, the Peruvian government was in negotiations with France for the acquisition of two FREMM Frigates.[28]
  • On 13 June 2014 the Dutch minister of defense announced the sale of HNLMS Amsterdam to the Peruvian Navy by 2015. The contract was signed that same month. The contract included: Goalkeeper CIWS, spare-parts, training and maritime training and other documentation.[29]

Gallery

  • US Navy 040703-N-1464F-001 The Peruvian cruiser Almirante Grau CLM-81 fires one of its 15.2 cm caliber cannons.jpg

    BAP Almirante Grau (CLM-81) firing its guns.

  • BAP Carvajal (FM-51).

  • BAP Sánchez Carrión (CM-26).

  • Submarines BAP Pisagua (SS-33), BAP Chipana (SS-34), and BAP Islay (SS-35).

  • Naval infantry coming ashore from BAP Callao (DT-143).

  • BAP Mollendo (ATC-131).

  • Otomat Mk.2 on display.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. (Retrieved via Google Books 3/4/11.)
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 1985.
  5. ↑ [1], based on Supreme Decree DS No. 69 DE/SG of 2001. Archived September 27, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  6. ↑ [2] Archived April 27, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  7. ↑ [3][dead link]
  8. ↑ [4] Archived July 13, 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Historic Naval Ships Association BAP ABTAO (SS-42)
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Supreme Decree No. 014-2007-DE/MGP PDF (1.33 MB). July 13, 2007.
  22. ↑ Supreme Decree No. 018-2008-DE/MGP PDF (361 KB). August 23, 2009.
  23. ↑ Supreme Decree No. 014-2008-DE/MGP PDF (84.9 KB). August 23, 2009.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  29. ↑ [5][dead link]

Sources

  • Baker III, Arthur D., The Naval Institute Guide to Combat Fleets of the World 2002-2003.
    Naval Institute Press, 2002.
  • Basadre, Jorge, Historia de la República del Perú. Editorial Universitaria, 1983.
  • "La base de Chimbote", Caretas, 855: 31 (June 17, 1985).
  • Ortiz Sotelo, Jorge, Apuntes para la historia de los submarinos peruanos. Biblioteca Nacional, 2001.
  • Rial, Juan, Los militares tras el fin del régimen de Fujimori-Montesinos.
  • "Los Programas de Renovacion y Modernizacion de la Marina de Guerra del Peru", Alejo Marchessini - Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 32 a 35.
  • "Entrevista al Almirante Carlos Tejada Mera, Comandante General de la MArina de Guerra del Peru", Alejo Marchessini - Revista Fuerzas de Defensa y Seguridad (FDS) N° 430. Paginas 36 a 43.

External links

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