Politics of Bulgaria

Politics of Bulgaria are the governmental policies, institutions, international politics and relations, political behavior and subtopics as voting behavior, public opinion, gender, ethnicity, politics, and partisanship, legal process, public service and local politics of Bulgaria as a member of the European Union, taking in consideration its past as a part of the Eastern block but currently a member of EU, NATO, etc. with ambitions of being a modern democratic state.

Politics of Bulgaria take place in a framework of a parliamentary representative democratic republic, whereby the Prime minister is the head of government, and of a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the National Assembly. The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature.

After 1989, after forty-five years of single party system, Bulgaria had an unstable party system, dominated by democratic parties and opposition to socialists - the Union of Democratic Forces and several personalistic parties and the post-communist Bulgarian Socialist Party or its creatures, which emerged for a short period of time in the past decade, personalistic parties could be seen as the governing Simeon II's NDSV party and Boyko Borisov's GERB party. Today, the president is Rosen Plevnevliev

Bulgaria has generally good freedom of speech and human rights records as reported by the US Library of Congress Federal Research Division in 2006, while Freedom House listed it as "free" in 2011, giving it scores of 2 for political rights and 2 for civil liberties. However, in 2014, there is some concern that the proposed new Penal Code would limit freedom of the press and assembly, and as a consequence freedom of speech.

Developments since 1990

Parliamentary

After the fall of the communism in 1989, the former communist party was restructured and succeeded by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), which won the first post-communist elections for the Constitutional Assembly in 1990 with a small majority. Meanwhile, Zhelyu Zhelev, a communist-era dissident from the new democratic party - Union of Democratic Forces (abbreviated in Bulgarian as SDS), was elected President by the Assembly in 1990. In the first years after the change of regime, Bulgarian politics had to (re)establish the foundations of a democratic society in the country after nearly fifty years of de facto totalitarian communism. The so-called period of transition (from a Soviet socialist model to an economic structure focused on development through economic growth) began in the early 1990s. The politics of Bulgaria was aimed at joining the European Union and the NATO fold, as the alliances were recognised to have political agendas similar to the goals of the new Bulgarian democracy.

In contemporary Bulgaria, the government and its leader - the Prime Minister, have more political influence and significance than the President. Thus, the parliamentary elections set the short-term social and political environment in the country since the cabinet (chosen by the Prime Minister and approved by the parliament) decides how the country is governed while the President can only make suggestions and impose vetoes.

In the first parliamentary elections held under the new constitution of Bulgaria, in October 1991, the Union of Democratic Forces (SDS) party won a plurality of the seats, having won 110 out of the 240 seats, and created a cabinet alone with the support of the Movement for Rights and Freedoms — a liberal party (in Bulgarian abbreviated: DPS) which is widely perceived as a party of the ethnic Turks minority in Bulgaria. Yet, their government collapsed in late 1992, and was succeeded by a technocratic team put forward by the Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), which served until 1994 when it also collapsed. The President dissolved the government and appointed a provisional one to serve until early parliamentary elections could be held in December.

BSP won convincingly these elections in December 1994 with a majority of 125 seats out of the 240. Due to the severe economic crisis in Bulgaria during their government, BSP's cabinet collapsed and in 1997 a caretaker cabinet was appointed by the President, again, to serve until early parliamentary elections could be held in April 1997.

The April 1997 elections resulted in a landslide victory for the SDS, winning a majority of 137 seats in parliament, and allowing them to form the next government. This proved to be the first post-communist government that did not collapse and served its full 4-year term until 2001.

In 2001, the former monarch of Bulgaria Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha returned to power, this time as Prime Minister with his National Movement Simeon II (in Bulgarian abbreviated: NDSV), having won half (120) of the seats. His party entered a coalition with the DPS and invited two functionaries of the BSP (who sat as independents). In opposition were the two previously governing parties - the Socialist Party and the Union of Democratic Forces. In the four years in opposition the SDS suffered the defection of numerous splinter groups. The ruling party NDSV itself ruptured into a pro-right core and a pro-liberal fringe group. Bulgarian entered NATO in 2004.

In the aftermath, the BSP won the parliamentary elections in 2005 with 82 out of the 240 seats, but as it didn't get the majority of the seats, a coalition government was formed by the three biggest parties - BSP, NDSV and DPS. The elections also put in parliament some of the right-wing parties, as well as the extreme-right nationalist coalition led by the party Ataka as an answer to the former coalition government of NDSV with DPS. Bulgarian entered the European Union in 2007.

In the parliamentary elections of 2009 the centre-right party of the mayor of Sofia won GERB picking up 117 seats. The party formed a minority government with the support of the right-wing parties. Once the governing party - the National Movement Simeon II did not amass enough votes to enter the parliament. The austerity measures required in the stagnation of the Global Financial Crisis led to massive protests and the resignation of the cabinet in early 2013, months before the end of GERB's term.

In the early elections the former leading party GERB received highest vote from the people. This was the first time since 1989 that a ruling party was re-elected; in the past painful and unpopular reforms had to be implemented. However, as GERB received only 97 of the 240 seats, and failed to make a coalition, they refused the mandate, handing it down to the next party BSP. The socialist party chose the non-party former Minister of Finance Plamen Oresharski to form a cabinet. His cabinet was supported by the BSP and the DPS, opposed by GERB, while Ataka was absent.

Presidential

In 1992 Zhelev won Bulgaria's first presidential elections and served as President until 1997. The second President was another member of the Union of Democratic Forces - Petar Stoyanov, who served until 2002. In 2001 leader of the Bulgarian Socialist Party - Georgi Parvanov defeated Stoyanov and took office in 2002 and served until 2012; becoming the only president to be reelected after his successful 2006 campaign. In 2011 GERB candidate Rosen Plevneliev was elected to serve as President from 2012 until January, 2017.

Executive branch

The president of Bulgaria is directly elected for a 5-year term with the right to one re-election. The president serves as the head of state and commander in chief of the armed forces. The President's main duties are to schedule elections and referendums, represent Bulgaria abroad, conclude international treaties, and head the Consultative Council for National Security. The President may return legislation to the National Assembly for further debate—a kind of veto—but the legislation can be passed again by an absolute majority vote.

The Council of Ministers is the principal organ of the executive branch. It is usually formed by the majority party in Parliament, if one exists, or by the largest party in Parliament along with coalition partners. Chaired by the Prime Minister, it is responsible for carrying out state policy, managing the state budget, and maintaining law and order. The Council must resign if the National Assembly passes a vote of no confidence in the Council or the Prime Minister or rejects a vote of confidence. The current government is a coalition between the left-wing Bulgarian Socialist Party and the liberal Movement for Rights and Freedoms.

Legislative branch

The National Assembly

The Bulgarian unicameral parliament, the National Assembly or Narodno Sabranie, consists of 240 deputies who are elected for 4-year-terms by popular vote. The votes are for party or coalition lists of candidates for each of the 28 administrative divisions. A party or coalition must garner a minimum of 4% of the vote in order to enter parliament. Parliament is responsible for enactment of laws, approval of the budget, scheduling of presidential elections, selection and dismissal of the prime minister and other ministers, declaration of war, deployment of troops outside of Bulgaria, and ratification of international treaties and agreements.

Elections

Main article: Elections in Bulgaria

Distribution of votes by constituency

 Summary of the 2013 National Assembly of Bulgaria election results:

Party		Votes	%	+/–	Seats	+/–
	GERB	1,081,605	30.54	-9.16	97	−20
	Coalition for Bulgaria	942,541	26.61	+8.91	84	+44
	Movement for Rights and Freedoms	400,466	11.31	-2.69	36	-1
	Attack	258,481	7.30	-2.10	23	+2
	National Front for the Salvation of Bulgaria	131,169	3.70	new	0	new
	Bulgaria for Citizens Movement	115,190	3.25	new	0	new
	Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria	103,638	2.93	—	0	-5
	IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement	66,803	1.89	new	0	new
	Lider	61,482	1.74	-1.56	0	0
	Order, Law and Justice	59,145	1.67	-2.43	0	-10
	Center–Freedom and Dignity	57,611	1.63	new	0	new
	Union of Democratic Forces	48,681	1.38	—	0	-9
	Others	124,886	—	—	0	—
Invalid votes		90,047	—	—	—	—
Votes cast (turnout: %)		3,541,745	51.33	—	—	—
Registered voters		6,919,260	—	—	—	—
Source: Electoral Commission of Bulgaria

 Summary of the 2011 Bulgarian presidential election results:

Candidate	Party	First round		Second round
		Votes	%	Votes	%
Rosen Plevneliev	GERB	1,349,380	40.11	1,698,136	52.58
Ivaylo Kalfin	Bulgarian Socialist Party	974,300	28.96	1,531,193	47.42
Meglena Kuneva	Initiative committee	470,808	14.00
Volen Siderov	Attack	122,466	3.64
Stefan Solakov	National Front for Salvation of Bulgaria	84,205	2.50
Rumen Hristov	Union of Democratic Forces	65,761	1.95
Atanas Semov	Order, Law and Justice	61,797	1.84
Svetoslav Vitkov	Initiative committee	54,125	1.61
Sali Ibrayim	National Movement Unity	41,837	1.24
Krasimir Karakachanov	IMRO – Bulgarian National Movement	33,236	0.99
Aleksey Petrov	Initiative committee	31,613	0.94
Maria Kapon	United People's Party	30,665	0.91
Nikolay Nenchev	Bulgarian Agrarian National Union	9,827	0.29
Pavel Chernev	Party for the People of the Nation	8,081	0.24
Ventsislav Yosifov	Initiative committee	7,021	0.21
Dimitar Kutsarov	Initiative committee	6,989	0.21
Andrey Chorbanov	Bulgarian Democratic Unity	6,340	0.19
Nikolay Vasilev	Initiative committee	5,633	0.17
Total valid votes		3,364,084	100	3,229,329	100
Invalid/blank votes		229,844	6.40	104,837	3.14
Votes cast		3,593,928	100	3,334,166	100
Registered voters/turnout		6,873,589	52.29	6,910,491	48.25
Source: Electoral Commission of Bulgaria

Judicial branch

The Bulgarian judicial system consists of regional, district and appeal courts, as well as a Supreme Court of Cassation and one Specialized Criminal Court. In addition, there is a Supreme Administrative Court and a system of military courts. The Presidents of the Supreme Court of Cassation and the Supreme Administrative Court as well as the Prosecutor General are elected by a qualified majority of two-thirds from all the members of the Supreme Judicial Council and are appointed by the President of the Republic. The Supreme Judicial Council is in charge of the self-administration and organisation of the Judiciary.

A qualified majority of two-thirds of the membership of the Supreme Judicial Council elects the Presidents of the Supreme Court of Cassation and of the Supreme Administrative Court, as well as the Prosecutor General, from among its members; the President of the Republic then appoints those elected.

The Supreme Judicial Council has charge of the self-administration and organization of the Judiciary.

The Constitutional Court of Bulgaria supervises the review of the constitutionality of laws and statutes brought before it, as well as the compliance of these laws with international treaties that the Government has signed. Parliament elects the 12 members of the Constitutional Court by a two-thirds majority. The members serve for a nine-year term.

Administrative divisions

The territory of the Republic of Bulgaria is divided into provinces and municipalities. In all Bulgaria has 28 provinces, each headed by a provincial governor appointed by the government. In addition, there are 263 municipalities.

International relations

ACCT Australia Group BSEC CE CEI CERN EAPC EBRD ECE EU FAO G-9 IAEA IBRD ICAO ICCt ICRM IFC IFRCS IHO (pending member) ILO IMF IMO Interpol IOC IOM ISO ITU ITUC

NAM (guest) NATO NSG OAS (observer) OPCW OSCE PCA PFP SECI UN UNCTAD UNESCO UNIDO UNMEE UNMIBH UNMIK UNMOP UPU WCO WEU (associate partner) WFTU WHO WIPO WMO WToO WTrO ZC

Other data

Political pressure groups and leaders:

• Confederation of Independent Trade Unions of Bulgaria or CITUB
• Confederation of Labour Podkrepa
• numerous regional, ethnic, and national interest groups with various agendas

See also

• Prime Minister of Bulgaria
• List of Prime Ministers of Bulgaria
• List of heads of state of Bulgaria
• List of ministries of Bulgaria
• Foreign relations of Bulgaria
• Flag of Bulgaria