Portal:Number theory
Number theory is the branch of pure mathematics concerned with the properties of numbers in general, and integers in particular, as well as the wider classes of problems that arise from their study. Number theory may be subdivided into several fields, according to the methods used and the type of questions investigated. (See the list of number theory topics.)
The term "arithmetic" is also used to refer to number theory. This is a somewhat older term, which is no longer as popular as it once was. Number theory used to be called the higher arithmetic, but this too is dropping out of use. Nevertheless, it still shows up in the names of mathematical fields (arithmetic functions, arithmetic of elliptic curves, arithmetic geometry). This sense of the term arithmetic should not be confused either with elementary arithmetic, or with the branch of logic which studies Peano arithmetic as a formal system. Mathematicians working in the field of number theory are called number theorists. Template:/box-footer
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In mathematics, the Pell numbers and companion Pell numbers are both sequences of integers that have been known since ancient times. They are defined by a recurrence relation similar to that for the Fibonacci numbers, and grow exponentially, proportionally to powers of the silver ratio. Pell numbers arise in the approximation of the square root of 2, in the definition of square triangular numbers, in the construction of nearly-isosceles integer right triangles, and in certain combinatorial enumeration problems.
As with Pell's equation, the name of the Pell numbers stems from Leonhard Euler's mistaken attribution of the equation and the numbers derived from it to John Pell. The Pell-Lucas numbers are also named after Édouard Lucas, who studied sequences defined by recurrences of this type; the Pell and companion Pell numbers are Lucas sequences.
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Graph of the number of ways to write an even number n as the sum of two primes (4 ≤ n ≤ 1,000,000). This is the main object of study of the Goldbach's conjecture
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- ...that every positive integer can be expressed as the sum of four squares of integers?
- ...that it is impossible to separate any power higher than the second into two like powers?
- ...that only 35 even numbers have been identified which are not the sum of a pair of Twin primes?
- ...that 16 is the only integer that satisfies x^y=y^x, being 4^2 = 2^4
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