Pratidwandi

Pratidwandi (The Adversary)
File:Dvd-pratidwandi.jpg A poster of Pratidwandi
Directed by	Satyajit Ray
Produced by	Priya Films (Nepal Dutta, Asim Dutta)
Written by	Satyajit Ray
Starring	Dhritiman Chatterjee Krishna Bose Indira Devi Kalyan Chowdhury Joysree Roy Debraj Roy Sefali
Release dates	27 October 1970
Running time	110 min.
Language	Bengali

Pratidwandi or Pratidandi (literally Adversary, Opponent or Competitor in Bengali; known internationally as The Adversary) is a 1970 Indian Bengali drama film directed by Satyajit Ray based on the novel by Sunil Gangopadhyay. It is the first part of the Calcutta trilogy. Set during the period of the Naxalite movement in Bengal, Pratidwandi tells the story of Siddharta, an educated middle-class man caught up in the turmoil of social unrest. Corruption and unemployment is rampant, and Siddhartha cannot align himself with either his revolutionary activist brother or his career-oriented sister.

The film also experimented with techniques such as photo-negative flashbacks and X-ray digressions.

Introduction

The historical background of the film is set in the decade of a wide range of political turmoil in India. The huge influx of refugees during the partition of India and loss of economic activity in the hinterland of Kolkata resulted in the stagnation of the economy of Kolkata. The protagonist Siddhartha is forced to give up his study of medicine and his ambition of becoming a doctor at the demise of his father. He makes several fruitless attempts to secure a job. The job interview scene shows interviewers asking irrelevant questions, just as in other films of Ray's Calcutta trilogy. He finds his only solace in Keya, who loves him but is troubled by the problems in her own family.

A large part of the narrative is dominated by Ray's allusions to the moral decadence of the city and the youth in particular. During several scences, Ray makes use of dream sequences and memory sequences to portray the thoughts of Siddhartha.

Siddhartha's sister Sutapa (Tapu) is the only earning member of the family and Siddhartha confesses before his friend that she had got her job not due to her qualifications alone but also due to her looks. Siddhartha's brother is a student, who is actively involved in politics of the Naxal era in West Bengal.

Finally, being unable to obtain a job in Calcutta, Siddhartha is forced to move to Balurghat, where he takes up the job of a medical salesman. The cinema ends with Siddhartha watching a group of men carrying a dead man to the cremation grounds. This scene completes a circle with the first scene, which showed the death of his father.

Plot

Siddhartha (Dhritiman Chatterjee) is forced to discontinue his medical studies due to the unexpected death of his father. He has to now find a job instead. In one job interview, he is asked to name the most significant world event in the last ten years. His reply is 'the plain human courage shown by the people of Vietnam', instead of the expected: man landing on the moon. The interviewer asks if he is a communist. Needless to say, he does not get the job.

He reaches a coffee shop where he is offered work for the communist party. When he does not show any interest, the party leader tells him about an opening for a medical representative. To escape from the heat and have a snooze, he goes in to a cinema. As a government propaganda newsreel is being shown before the feature, a bomb explodes in the cinema hall. In the stampede that follows, Siddartha breaks his watch. He goes to a watchmaker but he cannot afford the repairs.

Waiting to cross the road, he notices a sexy girl. He drifts back to his days as a medical student in a flashback. The professor is explaining the anatomy of the female breast. Many flashbacks and dreams occur to Siddartha throughout the film. On his way to the hostel, he has an encounter with some hippies. Along with an ex-classmate, he goes out to see an uncensored Swedish film but, to their disappointment, the film turns out to be boring. In such constant wandering in Calcutta, disintegrating relationships with his sister and a Naxalite (militant communist) brother, his friendship with Keya is the only thing that keeps him sane.

Keya is a simple girl. They enjoy each other's company but they cannot make any commitment to each other due to the circumstances. After yet another attempt at a job interview, Siddhartha leaves the big city to take a modest job as a salesman in a far off small town. He writes to Keya that he still cherishes their relationship. He also hears the call of a bird that he remembers from his childhood in his dreams but this time it is for real, and not in his mind. After completing the letter, he comes out to the balcony of his modest room. The bird calls again. He also hears the sombre chants of a funeral procession. As he turns to the camera, the picture is frozen.

The ending is reminiscent of the first scene which shows the death of Siddhartha's father. However, the last scene is symbolic of the end of Siddhartha's aspirations of finding a job in Calcutta.

Awards

• National Film Award for Best Direction, 1971.
• National Film Award for Second Best Feature Film, 1971
• National Film Award for Best Screenplay, 1971.
• Nominated for Gold Hugo Award, Chicago International Film Festival, 1971.

See also

• Cinema of West Bengal
• Cinema of India
  • Parallel Cinema

External links

• satyajitray.org on the film
• Pratidwandi (The Adversary) at IMDb