Protocatechuic acid

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Protocatechuic acid
120px
Names
IUPAC name
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
Other names
3,4-Dihydroxybenzoic acid
PCA
Protocatechuate
Identifiers
99-50-3 YesY
ChEBI CHEBI:36062 YesY
ChEMBL ChEMBL37537 YesY
ChemSpider 71 YesY
DrugBank DB03946 YesY
EC Number 202-760-0
Jmol 3D model Interactive image
PubChem 72
RTECS number UL0560000
  • InChI=1S/C7H6O4/c8-5-2-1-4(7(10)11)3-6(5)9/h1-3,8-9H,(H,10,11) YesY
    Key: YQUVCSBJEUQKSH-UHFFFAOYSA-N YesY
  • C1=CC(=C(C=C1C(=O)O)O)O
Properties
C7H6O4
Molar mass 154.12 g/mol
Appearance light brown solid
Density 1.54 g/cm3
Melting point 221 °C (430 °F; 494 K) (decomposes)
1.24 g/100 mL
Solubility soluble in ethanol, ether
insoluble in benzene
Acidity (pKa) 4.48 [1]
Vapor pressure {{{value}}}
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
YesY verify (what is YesYN ?)
Infobox references
UV visible spectrum of protocatechuic acid

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is a dihydroxybenzoic acid, a type of phenolic acid. It is a major metabolite of antioxidant polyphenols found in green tea. It has mixed effects on normal and cancer cells in in vitro and in vivo studies.[2]

Biological effects

Protocatechuic acid (PCA) is antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. PCA extracted from Hibiscus sabdariffa protected against chemically induced liver toxicity in vivo. In vitro testing documented antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of PCA, while liver protection in vivo was measured by chemical markers and histological assessment.[3]

PCA has been reported to induce apoptosis of human leukemia cells, as well as malignant HSG1 cells taken from human oral cavities,[4] but PCA was found to have mixed effects on TPA-induced mouse skin tumours. Depending on the amount of PCA and the time before application, PCA could reduce or enhance tumour growth.[5] Similarly, PCA was reported to increase proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of neural stem cells.[6] In an in vitro model using HL-60leukemia cells, protocatechuic acid showed an antigenotoxic effect and tumoricidal activity.[7]

Occurrence in nature

Protocatechuic acid can be isolated from the stem bark of Boswellia dalzielii.[8] and from leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon [9]

The hardening of the protein component of insect cuticle has been shown to be due to the tanning action of an agent produced by oxidation of a phenolic substance. In the analogous hardening of the cockroach ootheca, the phenolic substance concerned is protocatechuic acid.[10]

In foods

Açaí oil, obtained from the fruit of the açaí palm (Euterpe oleracea), is rich in protocatechuic acid (630 ± 36 mg/kg).,[11] Protocatechuic acid also exists in the skins of some strains of onion as an antifungal mechanism, increasing endogenous resistance against smudge fungus. It is also found in Allium cepa (17,540 ppm).[12]

PCA occurs in roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa), which is used worldwide as a food and beverage.[3]

Protocatechuic acid is also found in mushrooms such as Agaricus bisporus[13] or Phellinus linteus.[14]

Metabolism

Protocatechuic acid is one of the main catechins metabolites found in humans after consumption of green tea infusions.[15]

Enzymes

Biosynthesis enzymes
Protocatechuic acid biosynthesis
Degradation enzymes

The enzyme protocatechuate decarboxylase uses 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate to produce catechol and CO2.
The enzyme protocatechuate 3,4-dioxygenase uses 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate and O2 to produce 3-carboxy-cis,cis-muconate.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Dawson, R. M. C. et al., Data for Biochemical Research, Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1959.
  2. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Anter J, Romero-Jiménez M, Fernández-Bedmar Z, Villatoro-Pulido M, Analla M, Alonso-Moraga A, Muñoz-Serrano A.,"Antigenotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis induction by apigenin, bisabolol, and protocatechuic acid." J Med Food. 2011 Mar;14(3):276-83
  8. ↑ Antibacterial phenolics from Boswellia dalzielii. Alemika Taiwo E, Onawunmi Grace O and Olugbade, Tiwalade O, Nigerian Journal of Natural Products and Medicines, 2006 (abstract)
  9. ↑ Mallavadhani UV, Mahapatra A. A new aurone and two rare metabolites from the leaves of Diospyros melanoxylon. Nat Prod Res 2005; 19:91-97
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/duke/highchem.pl[dead link]
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.[dead link]
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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