Rapid City, South Dakota

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Rapid City
Mni Lúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe
City
City of Rapid City
Downtown Rapid City
Downtown Rapid City
Nickname(s): Gateway to the Black Hills, City of Presidents
Location in Pennington County and the state of South Dakota
Location in Pennington County and the state of South Dakota
Rapid City is located in USA
Rapid City
Rapid City
Location in the United States
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country United States
State South Dakota
County Pennington
Founded 1876[1]
Incorporated February 1883[2]
Government
 • Mayor Steve Allender
Area[3]
 • City 55.49 sq mi (143.72 km2)
 • Land 55.41 sq mi (143.51 km2)
 • Water 0.08 sq mi (0.21 km2)
Elevation 3,202 ft (976 m)
Population (2010)[4]
 • City 67,956
 • Density 1,226.4/sq mi (473.5/km2)
 • Metro 141,431 (US: 285th)
Time zone Mountain (UTC−7)
 • Summer (DST) Mountain (UTC−6)
Zip code 57701, 57702, 57703, 57704, 57709
Area code(s) 605
FIPS code 46-52980
GNIS feature ID 1265333[5]
Website www.rcgov.org

Rapid City (Lakota: 'Mni Lúzahaŋ Otȟúŋwahe';[7] "Swift Water City") is the second-largest city in South Dakota (after Sioux Falls) and the county seat of Pennington County.[8] Named after Rapid Creek, on which the city is established, it is set against the eastern slope of the Black Hills mountain range. The population was 67,956 as of the 2010 Census.[9] Known as the "Gateway to the Black Hills" and the "City of Presidents", it is split by a low mountain ridge that divides the western and eastern parts of the city. Ellsworth Air Force Base is located on the outskirts of the city. Camp Rapid, a part of the United States Army National Guard, is located in the western part of the city. The historic "Old West" town of Deadwood is nearby. In the neighboring Black Hills are the popular tourist attractions of Mount Rushmore, the Crazy Horse Memorial, Custer State Park, and Wind Cave National Park.

History

Panoramic view of Sixth and Main Streets in Rapid City, ca. 1912

The public discovery of gold in 1874 by the Custer Expedition brought a mass influx of settlers into the Black Hills region of South Dakota. Rapid City was founded (and originally known as "Hay Camp") in 1876 by a group of disappointed miners, who promoted their new city as the "Gateway to the Black Hills." John Richard Brennan and Samuel Scott, with a small group of men, laid out the site of the present Rapid City in February 1876, which was named for the spring-fed Rapid Creek that flows through it. A square mile was measured off and the six blocks in the center were designated as a business section. Committees were appointed to bring in prospective merchants and their families to locate in the new settlement. The city soon began selling supplies to miners and pioneers. Its location on the edge of the Plains and Hills and its large river valley made it the natural hub of railroads arriving in the late 1880s from both the south and east. By 1900, Rapid City had survived a boom and bust and was establishing itself as an important regional trade center for the upper midwest.

Although the Black Hills became a popular tourist destination in the late 1890s, it was a combination of local efforts, the popularity of the automobile, and construction of improved highways that brought tourists to the Black Hills in large numbers after World War I. Gutzon Borglum, already a famous sculptor, began work on Mount Rushmore in 1927 and his son, Lincoln Borglum, continued the carving of the presidents' faces in rock following his father's death in 1941. The work was halted due to pressures leading to the US entry into World War II and the massive sculpture was declared complete in 1941. Although tourism sustained the city throughout the Great Depression of the 1930s, the gasoline rationing of World War II had a devastating effect on the tourist industry in the town, but this was more than made up for by the war-related growth.

The city benefited greatly from the opening of Rapid City Army Air Base, later Ellsworth Air Force Base, an Army Air Corps training base. As a result, the population of the area nearly doubled between 1940 and 1948, from almost 14,000 to nearly 27,000 people. Military families and civilian personnel soon took every available living space in town, and mobile parks proliferated. Rapid City businesses profited from the military payroll. During the Cold War, missile installations proliferated in the area: a series of Nike Air Defense sites were constructed around Ellsworth in the 1950s. In the early 60s the construction of three Titan missile launch sites containing a total of nine Titan I missiles in the general vicinity of Rapid City took place. Beginning in November 1963, the land for a hundred miles east, northeast and northwest of the city was dotted with 150 Minuteman missile silos and 15 launch command centers, all of which were deactivated in the early 1990s.[10]

In 1949, city officials envisioned the city as a retail and wholesale trade center for the region and designed a plan for growth that focused on a civic center, more downtown parking places, new schools, and paved streets. A construction boom continued into the 1950s. Growth slowed in the 1960s, but the worst natural disaster in South Dakota history, the Black Hills Flood, led to another building boom a decade later. On June 9, 1972, heavy rains caused massive flooding of the Rapid Creek. More than 250 people lost their lives and more than $100 million in property was destroyed.

Debris along Rapid Creek after 1972 flood.

The devastation of the flood and the outpouring of private donations and millions of dollars in federal aid led to the completion of one big part of the 1979 plan: clearing the area along the Rapid Creek and making it a public park. New homes and businesses were constructed to replace those that had been destroyed. Rushmore Plaza Civic Center and a new Central High School were built in part of the area that had been cleared. The new Central High School opened in 1978, with the graduating class in that year straddling both the original Central (housed in what is now Rapid City High School and community theater) and the new Central. The rebuilding in part insulated Rapid City from the drop in automotive tourism caused by the Oil Embargo in 1974, but tourism was depressed for most of a decade. In 1978, Rushmore Mall was built on the north edge of the city, adding to the city's position as a retail shopping center.

In 1980 in United States v. Sioux Nation of Indians, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the government of the United States had illegally stolen the Black Hills from the Sioux people when the government unilaterally broke the treaty that guaranteed the Black Hills belonged to the Sioux. The court decision offered money, but the Sioux declined on principle that the theft of their land should not be validated, and still demand the return of the land.[11] This land includes Rapid City, which is by far the largest modern settlement in the Black Hills. As of 2010, the dispute has not been settled.

In the 1980s, growth was fueled by an increase in tourism, increasingly tied to the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, followed by another decline in the late 1990s. Fears for the closure of Ellsworth AFB as part of the massive base closure process in the 1990s and 2000s led to attempts to expand other sectors of the economy, but growth continued and the city expanded significantly during this period.

Today, Rapid City is South Dakota's primary city for tourism and recreation. With the approval of a Deep Underground Science and Engineering Laboratory at the Homestake Mine site in nearby Lead, Rapid City has a future of great advancements in technology, medicine, and scientific research.

1972 Rapid Creek flood

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Cars jumbled together by the 1972 flood.

On June 9–10, 1972, extremely heavy rains over the eastern Black Hills of South Dakota produced record floods on Rapid Creek and other streams in the area. Nearly 15 inches (380 mm) of rain fell in about 6 hours near Nemo, and more than 10 inches (250 mm) of rain fell over an area of 60 square miles (160 km2). According to the Red Cross, the resulting peak floods (which occurred after dark) left 238 people dead and 3,057 people injured.[12] In addition to the human tragedy, total destruction was estimated in excess of $160 million (about $821 million in 2009 dollars), which included 1,335 homes and 5,000 automobiles that were destroyed. Runoff from this storm produced record floods (highest peak flows recorded) along Battle, Spring, Rapid, and Box Elder Creeks. Smaller floods also occurred along Elk Creek and Bear Butte Creek. Canyon Lake Dam, on the west side of Rapid City, broke the night of the flood, unleashing a wall of water down the creek. The 1972 flooding has an estimated recurrence interval of 500 years,[13] which means that a flood of this magnitude will occur on average once every 500 years. Every year there is a 0.2 percent chance (1 in 500) of experiencing a similar event. To prevent a similar tragedy from occurring in the future, the city's flood plain is no longer allowed to be built upon. Today the flood plain features golf courses, parks, sports arenas, and arboretums where neighborhoods and businesses once stood.

In 2007, the Rapid City Public Library created a 1972 Flood digital archive[14] that collects survivors' stories, photos and news accounts of the flood. The Journey Museum has an interactive display on the 1972 flood which is an ongoing project to give future generations the best idea of how the people were affected and the changes made to it because of the loss of 238 lives. It will in the future include the biographies of all of those who died so they will be remembered as more than names on a memorial.

Geography

Rapid City is located at Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.. The downtown elevation of Rapid City is 3,202 feet (976 m) and Rapid City sits in the shadow of Harney Peak; which at 7,242 feet (2,207 m), is the highest point east of the Rocky Mountains.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 55.49 square miles (143.71 km2), of which, 55.41 square miles (143.5 km2) of it is land and 0.08 square miles (0.2 km2) is water.[15]

Rapid City is located on the eastern edge of the Black Hills, and is split in half by the Dakota Hogback. Rapid City's "Westside" is located in the Red Valley between the foothills of the Black Hills proper and the Dakota Hogback, so named for the red Spearfish formation soils and the way the valley completely circles the Black Hills. Rapid City has grown up into the foothills, with both ridges and valleys developed, especially in the last 20 years, and wildfire is a distinct threat to these residential areas, as shown by the Westberry Trails fire in 1988.

Skyline Drive follows the summits of the Dakota Hogback south from near Rapid Gap (where Rapid Creek cuts through the Hogback) to a large high plateau which forms the current south edge of Rapid City. The Central and Eastern portions of Rapid City lie in the wide valley of Rapid Creek outside the Hogback, which includes a number of mesas rising a hundred feet or more above the floodplain.

Rapid Creek

Rapid Creek flows through Rapid City, emerging from Dark Canyon above Canyon Lake and flowing in a large arc north of Downtown. Rapid Creek descends to the southeast as the valley widens. The floodplain of Rapid Creek is mostly a series of parks, arboretums, and bike trails, one legacy of the Black Hills Flood of 1972. To the north, a series of ridges separates Rapid Creek from Box Elder Creek, with large older and new residential areas and commercial areas along I-90. To the south, the terrain rises more steeply to the southern widening of the Dakota Hogback into a plateau dividing the Rapid Creek drainage from Spring Creek.

Climate

View of southern Rapid City from the east after a rainstorm, including a view of Harney Peak and the Black Hills.

Rapid City features a steppe climate (Köppen BSk), and is part of USDA Hardiness zone 5a.[16] Its location makes its climate unlike both the higher elevations of the Black Hills and the Great Plains to the east. It is characterized by long arid summers and long dry winters, with short but distinct spring and autumn seasons. Precipitation averages 16.3 in (410 mm) annually, but has historically ranged from 9.12 in (232 mm) in 1974 to 27.70 in (704 mm) in 1946.[17]

Winters are cold and dry, with December, with a daily average temperature of 24.9 °F (−3.9 °C), being the coldest month in recent years; however, Chinook winds can warm temperatures above 50 °F (10 °C), doing so on average about 21 times from December to February.[17] Temperature inversions, however, occasionally produce warmer temperatures in the Black Hills. On average, highs do not climb above freezing on 42 days, while the low temperature reaches 0 °F (−18 °C) on an average 17 nights.[17] Snowfall is frequent but usually not heavy; March and April are typically the snowiest months, and the seasonal total averages 41 inches (104 cm),[18] although historically ranging from 16.9 in (43 cm) in 1980–81 to 80.9 in (205 cm) to 1985–86. Extensive snow cover does not remain for long, with only 9 days seasonally with 5 inches (13 cm) or more on the ground.[18] Measurable snow has occurred in every month except July.[17]

Compared to locations in the east, spring warms rather gradually, with the last measurable snow generally occurring in late April and precipitation totals beginning to increase; May snow occurs several times per decade.[17] In the latter half of spring, storms typically develop over the Black Hills during the afternoon and move onto the plains in the evening. Indeed, only April thru June have seen calendar-day precipitation amounts exceeding 3 in (76 mm), and June 15, 1963, with 3.78 in (96 mm), holds the single-day rainfall record;[17] the record-wettest month is May 1996 with 8.18 in (208 mm). However, Rapid City still sees an average of 20 clear to partly cloudy days[19] and 67 percent of its possible sunshine in June.[20] This is the traditional "flood" season for Rapid and other creeks in the Eastern Hills. Temperatures warm rapidly as summer approaches.

Summer in Rapid City is hot, relatively dry, and sunny. July is the warmest month of the year, having a daily average temperature of 87.1 °F (30.6 °C). There is an average of 34 days with 90 °F (32 °C)+ highs and 5.1 with 100 °F (38 °C)+ highs.[18] Due to the elevation and aridity, lows rarely remain at or above 70 °F (21 °C) and during July and August lower to 50 °F (10 °C) on an average 7.6 days combined.[17] Rapid City records an average of 9 thunderstorm days in August,[19] but only 1.56 inches (40 mm) of rain in that month.

Fall is a precipitous transition season, with the average first freeze in Rapid City is October 4 and late August through September in the Black Hills. The Rapid City area's first snowfall is usually in October, although higher elevations sometimes receive significant snow in September. Occasional cold fronts moving through the area bring blustery northwest winds.

Sunshine is abundant in the region, averaging 2850 hours, 64% of the possible total, per year.[20]

Rapid City holds a record for an extreme temperature drop of 47 °F (26 °C) in 5 minutes on January 10, 1911.[21] Official extreme temperatures range from −31 °F (−35 °C) on February 2, 1996 up to 111 °F (44 °C) on July 15, 2006; the record low daily maximum is −18 °F (−28 °C), while the record high daily minimum is 75 °F (24 °C) on July 8, 1985 and July 28, 1960.[22]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop.
1880 939
1890 2,128 126.6%
1900 1,342 −36.9%
1910 3,454 157.4%
1920 5,777 67.3%
1930 10,464 81.1%
1940 13,844 32.3%
1950 25,312 82.8%
1960 42,390 67.5%
1970 43,846 3.4%
1980 46,492 6.0%
1990 54,523 17.3%
2000 59,607 9.3%
2010 67,956 14.0%
Est. 2014 72,638 [23] 6.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[24]
2013 Estimate[25]

2010 census

As of the census[4] of 2010, there were 67,956 people, 28,586 households, and 16,957 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,226.4 inhabitants per square mile (473.5/km2). There were 30,254 housing units at an average density of 546.0 per square mile (210.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 80.4% White, 1.1% African American, 12.4% Native American, 1.2% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.7% from other races, and 4.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.1% of the population.

There were 28,586 households of which 29.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 41.2% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 40.7% were non-families. 32.9% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.29 and the average family size was 2.90.

The median age in the city was 35.6 years. 23.9% of residents were under the age of 18; 10.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 25.7% were from 25 to 44; 25% were from 45 to 64; and 14.5% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.5% male and 50.5% female.[26]

2000 census

As of the census of 2000, there were 59,607 people, 23,969 households, and 15,220 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,336.7 people per square mile (516.1/km2). There were 25,096 housing units at an average density of 562.8 per square mile (217.3/km2).[15] The racial makeup of the city was 84.33% White, 0.97% African American, 10.14% Native American, 1.00% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 0.73% from other races, and 2.77% from two or more races.[27] Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.77% of the population.[27]

There were 23,969 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 46.7% were married couples living together, 12.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 36.5% were non-families. 29.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.39 and the average family size was 2.96.[27]

In the city the population was spread out with 25.3% under the age of 18, 11.8% from 18 to 24, 28.7% from 25 to 44, 20.9% from 45 to 64, and 13.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females there were 96.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.6 males.[26]

As of 2000 the median income for a household in the city was $35,978, and the median income for a family was $44,818. Males had a median income of $30,985 versus $21,913 for females. The per capita income for the city was $19,445. About 9.4% of families and 12.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 17.6% of those under age 18 and 6.9% of those age 65 or over.

Healthcare

Rapid City is a major medical care center for a five-state region, centered around the Rapid City Regional Hospital and the Indian Health Service's Sioux San Hospital. Other smaller, independent medical facilities have been established in the area, including the Black Hills Surgery Center, The Heart Doctors, The Spine Center at Rapid City, Setliff Sinus Institute, Black Hills Eye Institute and Regional Behavioral Healthcare. Two Veterans Affairs hospitals are located nearby at Fort Meade, and Hot Springs. Emergency medical services (EMS) are provided by the Rapid City Fire Department. Emergency medical transportation by rotor and fixed wing aircraft is provided by Black Hills Life Flight, operated by Air Methods Corp. based in Denver, CO. Rapid City is also home to a number of non-profit public health organizations that engage in survey and clinic research, epidemiology, and area-based health promotion disease prevention. The Health Education and Promotion Council and Black Hills Center for American Indian Health are two notable non-profit organizations.

The Heart Doctors used to be independent. Now, they are owned and operated by Regional Hospital/Regional Health and are called Regional Heart Doctors.

Education

Rapid City institutions of higher education include the South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Oglala Lakota College's He Sapa College Center, Black Hills State University - Rapid City University Center (includes classes and degrees through five other South Dakota post-secondary Institutions), National American University, Western Dakota Technical Institute, Black Hills Beauty College, John Witherspoon College, and several small sectarian preacher training schools. Black Hills State University is located in nearby Spearfish and offers several classes in Rapid City. The South Dakota state nurse training program is also based in Rapid City. There are two public high schools in the city, Central High School and Stevens High School. The city also has at least four Christian high schools including Saint Thomas More, Rapid City Christian High School, Liberty Baptist Academy and Open Bible Christian School.

In 2013, 26.6 percent of Rapid City residents 25 years or over had earned a bachelor's degree or higher.[28] This is on par with the average educational attainment in the United States. The highest rates of educational attainment in South Dakota can be found in metropolitan areas of Rapid City and Sioux Falls.

Rapid City Area Schools

The local public schools fall under the Rapid City Area Schools school district. There are three high schools within the district. They are Central High School, Stevens High School and the newly renovated Rapid City High School, which also houses the Performing Arts Center. The middle schools include newly founded East Middle School, North Middle School, South Middle School, Southwest Middle School, and West Middle School. There are 16 elementary schools within the district. These are Black Hawk, Canyon Lake, Corral Drive, General Beadle, Grandview, Horace Mann, Kibben Kuster, Knollwood Heights, Meadowbrook, Pinedale, Rapid Valley, Robbinsdale, South Canyon, South Park, Valley View, and Woodrow Wilson.[29]

Sports

Art and culture

Because of the importance of tourism in the area, and its extensive market area, Rapid City has many cultural resources usually found only in much larger urban areas. Among these are:

Rapid City also has a large amount of public sculpture on display in many parts of the city. The most visible is "The City of Presidents" – a series of life-sized bronze statues representing each of the American presidents. The statues are located on street corners in the downtown area. Five South Dakota artists created the statues: Edward E. Hlavka, Lee Leuning, John Lopez, James Michael Maher, and James Van Nuys.[30] These statues are being erected by public subscription over a ten-year period between 2000 and 2010.

Sister cities

Rapid City has three sister cities, as designated by Sister Cities International:

Industry and economy

Rapid City's economy is diverse, but has only a moderate amount of industry. Heavy and medium industrial activities include a Portland cement plant (constructed and owned for 84 years[31] by the State of South Dakota and sold in 2003 to GCC, a Mexican-based conglomerate), Black Hills Ammunition an ammunition and reloading supplies manufacturing company, several custom sawmills, a lime plant, a computer peripheral component manufacturing plant, and several farm and ranch equipment manufacturers. Of particular note, Rapid City is the center for the manufacture of Black Hills gold jewelry, a popular product with tourists and Westerners in general. Rapid City is also the location of the only manufacturer of stamping machines used for the labeling of plywood and chipboard products.

Although most gold mining has ceased in the Black Hills and was never done in or near Rapid City, mining of sand and gravel, as well as the raw materials for lime and Portland cement (including chemical-grade limestone, taconite iron ore, and gypsum) remains an important part of the economy.

The largest sector of the Rapid City economy is government services, including local, state, and federal. Major employers include Ellsworth Air Force Base,[32] home of the 28th Bomb Wing flying the B-1B long-range bomber; the Army National Guard based at Camp Rapid and hosting annual exercises in the Black Hills drawing troops from five to ten states; and various federal agencies including the National Park Service, US Forest Service, and Indian Health Service.

The Rapid City Regional Hospital Healthcare System covers one of the largest expansions of territory in the United States. The health care sector employs over 8,000 persons in the Rapid City area.[32]

Tourism is also a major portion of the Rapid City economy,[32] due to the proximity of Mount Rushmore, Sturgis, home of the Sturgis Motorcycle Rally, Deadwood, and other attractions in the Black Hills. Rapid City is the major source of services for the Motorcycle Rally, and the Rally's demand for motel rooms, camp sites, and other services for tourists during the first week of August means that Rapid City has the capacity to host large conventions and large numbers of tourists year-round. Various minor tourist attractions, including wildlife parks, specialty shops, caves, water parks, private museums, and other businesses are found in and near Rapid City.

Other economic sectors include financial service and investing companies such as Waddell and Reed, Citibank, WaMu, Merrill Lynch, and Northwestern Mutual. Rapid City is the headquarters for Assurant Insurance's pre-need division and Rapid City has a strong medical services sector, and institutions of higher education. Rapid City is also the major market town for much of five states, drawing commerce from more than half of South Dakota, and large portions of North Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and the Nebraska Panhandle.

The real compound annual growth rate of the gross domestic product of the Rapid City Metropolitan Statistical Area was 2.6% for 2001–2013.[33]

Transportation

Rapid City is a major transportation hub for the Northern Plains. Rapid City Regional Airport provides flights to the airline hub cities of Denver, Minneapolis, Salt Lake City, Dallas-Fort Worth, Las Vegas, Phoenix/Mesa, Houston, Atlanta and Chicago. The airport also has extensive General Aviation operations, including wildfire fighting activities and medical flight support to Rapid City medical facilities and Indian Health Service operations in the Dakotas.

Historically, Rapid City was served by three railroads. Presently, the city is served by the Rapid City, Pierre and Eastern Railroad (RCP&E). In addition to Rapid City, the RCP&E serves the Northern Black Hills and run east to Minnesota and south through Nebraska to connect with major transcontinental railroads Burlington Northern Santa Fe and Union Pacific. South Dakota does not have Amtrak service, one of the few states that doesn't.

Rapid City's central location allows easy transport of products to both coasts, and trucking is a major business activity in the city. Improved connections with Denver and I-80 to the south, via the Heartland Expressway now under construction will primarily benefit local trucking.

Infrastructure

  • Interstate 90 is the primary east-west route for Rapid City. Rapid City is served by a series of 7 exits. I-90 skims the northern side of Rapid City. The South Dakota DOT has been reconstructing most of these interchanges in the last five years.
  • Interstate 190 is an Interstate spur linking downtown Rapid City to Interstate 90.
  • US Highway 16 is the main route to the southwest and the Black Hills from Rapid City. It links Rapid City to Custer and then west to Newcastle, Wyoming, where it connects to US Highway 85 for travel to Cheyenne and Denver. Reconstructed as a four-lane parkway connecting Rapid City to Mount Rushmore in the mid-1960s, major segments have been rebuilt as three-lane or "super-two" highways in the past decade, to support increased tourist traffic.
  • South Dakota Highway 44 is a state highway that links the interior of the Black Hills to the southwest of Rapid City, and the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation and nearby areas in the Great Plains to the southeast.
  • South Dakota Highway 79 is a state highway that is multiplexed with I-90 northwest of Rapid City. SD Highway 79 extends to North Dakota. South of Rapid City to Nebraska, Highway 79 is being reconstructed as the Heartland Expressway, a high-speed four-lane highway which will eventually connect to Interstate 80 in Nebraska and the Colorado Front Range near Denver. The Heartland Expressway may eventually be extended along US Highway 85 north to Regina, Saskatchewan, to create an additional major north-south artery through the Great Plains which would pass through Rapid City.

Rapid City's location on the boundary of the Western and Eastern power grids, together with the hydroelectric plants of the Mainstem Dams on the Missouri River and the large coal fields and power plants of the Powder River Basin of Wyoming make it one of the points where the two national power grids connect with each other, allowing switching of electrical power from east to west and vice versa. Rapid City previously had its own coal-fired power plant before Federal regulations forced it and many other coal plants in the area such as power stations near Gillette, Wyoming, to shut down. The Ben French power station located within city boundaries shut down September 2012, more than 2 years ahead of its scheduled shut down. Rapid City now obtains much of its power from both the Missouri dams and importing it from elsewhere. Electrical rates used to be considered relatively low until the shut down of the coal plants, so have progressively climbed the last several years as a lack of local power sources means massive expenses to import it from greater distances.

Rapid City obtains most of its water supply from Rapid Creek and the alluvial aquifers associated with the creek, owning significant water rights in Pactola Reservoir located some 15 miles (24 km) west of the city, but does also obtain water from some springs in the vicinity, and has the ability to draw water from deep formations which receive water from recharge in areas of the Black Hills where the formations come to the surface. The heavy dependence on shallow alluvial aquifers is of some concern to planners, as most suburbs of Rapid City use septic systems for domestic sewage treatment. However, water supplies remain relatively good for future growth.

Rapid City has limited city-to-city bus service along I-90, but many charter bus services operate in the area, and connect Rapid City and Deadwood with cities in Colorado, Nebraska, and Iowa. Rapid City does have a municipally-owned bus service with multiple bus stops and a headquarters in the city.

Suburbs

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The estimated 2013 population of the Rapid City Metropolitan Statistical Area (Pennington County, Meade County and Custer County) was 141,131.[34] Most cities and towns in the Black Hills and the surrounding plains have a significant percentage of their population who commute to and from Rapid City, and many residents of Rapid City work in outlying towns. Among the nearer suburbs in Pennington and Meade Counties:

Communities at a greater distance from Rapid City include:

Local media

AM radio

AM radio stations
Frequency Call sign Name Format Owner City of License Broadcast Market
580 AM KZMX 580 Country Country Mt. Rushmore Broadcasting, Inc Hot Springs Rapid City
810 AM KBHB Five State Ranch Radio Farm HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Sturgis Rapid City
920 AM KKLS Smash Hits Classic Hits HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City
980 AM KDSJ Oldies Goldrush Broadcasting, Inc. Deadwood Rapid City
1150 AM KIMM Kim Radio News/Talk Gunslinger Radio, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City
1340 AM KTOQ ESPN Rapid City Sports Haugo Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City
1380 AM KOTA Radio 1380 KOTA News/Talk Duhamel Broadcasting Enterprises Rapid City Rapid City

FM radio

FM radio stations
Frequency Call sign Name Format Owner Target city/market City of license
88.3 FM KLMP The Light Christian Bethesda Christian Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City
88.7 FM K204FB KILI-FM Community Radio
KILI-FM translator
Lakota Communications Inc. Rapid City Rapid City
89.3 FM KBHE South Dakota Public Broadcasting NPR SD Board of Directors for Educational Telecommunications Rapid City Rapid City
89.9 FM KJRC Real Presence Radio Catholic Radio Real Presence Radio Rapid City Rapid City
90.3 FM KASD American Family Radio Christian American Family Radio Rapid City Rapid City
91.3 FM KTEQ-FM K-Tech Alternative Tech Educational Radio Council Rapid City Rapid City
91.7 FM K218DX CSN International Christian
KAWZ-FM translator
CSN International Rapid City Box Elder
92.3 FM KQRQ-FM Q92.3 Classic Hits New Generation Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City
93.1 FM KRCS Hot 93.1 Top 40 HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Sturgis
93.9 FM KKMK 93.9 The Mix Hot AC HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City
94.7 FM K234BR Hot 93.1 Top 40
KRCS Translator
HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City
95.1 FM KSQY K-Sky Album-Oriented Rock Haugo Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Deadwood
95.9 FM KZZI The Eagle Country Duhamel Broadcasting Rapid City Belle Fourche
96.3 FM K242BK The Eagle Country
KZZI Translator
Duhamel Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City
97.1 FM KFND-LP Religious Calvary Chapel of the Black Hills Rapid City Rapid City
97.5 FM K248BT Hot 93.1 Top 40
KRCS Translator
HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City
97.9 FM KTPT The Breeze Christian Contemporary Bethesda Christian Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City
98.7 FM KOUT Kat Country 98.7 Country HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City
99.5 FM KRKI-FM1 99-5 The Range Classic Country
KRKI-FM booster
Bad Lands Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City
100.3 FM KFXS 100.3 The Fox Classic Rock HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City
101.1 FM KDDX X-Rock Active Rock Duhamel Broadcasting Enterprises Rapid City Spearfish
101.9 FM KFMH-FM1 Kool 101.9 Oldies
KFMH-FM booster
Bad Lands Broadcasting Rapid City Rapid City
102.7 FM KXMZ Hits 102.7 Hot AC Pandora Media, Inc. Rapid City Box Elder
103.5 FM K278AN X-Rock Active Rock
KDDX-FM translator
Duhamel Broadcasting Enterprises Rapid City Rapid City
104.1 FM KIQK Kick 104 Country Haugo Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City
104.7 FM K284BA Smash Hits Classic Hits
KKLS-AM Translator
HomeSlice Media Group, LLC Rapid City Rapid City
105.1 FM KAWK The Hawk 105.1 Adult Contemporary Mt. Rushmore Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Custer
105.7 FM K289AI ESPN Rapid City Sports Haugo Broadcasting, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City
106.3 FM KZLK She 106.3 Hot AC Steven E. Duffy Rapid City Rapid City
106.7 FM K294BT Kim Radio News/Talk
KIMM-AM translator
Gunslinger Radio, Inc. Rapid City Rapid City
107.1 FM KSLT Power 107.1 Christian Contemporary Bethesda Christian Broadcasting Rapid City Spearfish
107.9 FM KXZT TBD JER Licences, LLC Rapid City Newell

Television

Print

Places of interest

Notable people

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People who have lived, resided, or were born in Rapid City, South Dakota.

Notes

  1. Official temperature and precipitation records for Rapid City kept at the old municipal airport from August 1942 to 11 October 1950 and at Rapid City Regional since 12 October 1950.[22] Snowfall and snow depth records date to 1 September 1942 and the move to Rapid City Regional, respectively.[17]

References

  1. Hasselstrom, p. 331.
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  13. (Burr and Korkow, 1996)
  14. 1972 Flood digital archive
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  30. visitrapidcity.com, Rapid City South Dakota Convention & Visitors Bureau, Rapid City, 2010. Retrieved on 2010-11-15.
  31. Created by SD Constitutional Amendment, 1919.
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Bibliography

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External links