Reflection symmetry

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Figures with the axes of symmetry drawn in. The figure with no axes is asymmetric.

Reflection symmetry, line symmetry, mirror symmetry, mirror-image symmetry, or (in biology) bilateral symmetry is symmetry with respect to reflection. That is, a figure which does not change upon undergoing a reflection has reflectional symmetry.

In 2D there is a line of symmetry, in 3D a plane of symmetry. An object or figure which is indistinguishable from its transformed image is called mirror symmetric.

Symmetric function

A normal distribution bell curve is an example symmetric function

In formal terms, a mathematical object is symmetric with respect to a given operation such as reflection, rotation or translation, if, when applied to the object, this operation preserves some property of the object.[1] The set of operations that preserve a given property of the object form a group. Two objects are symmetric to each other with respect to a given group of operations if one is obtained from the other by some of the operations (and vice versa).

The symmetric function of a two-dimensional figure is a line such that, for each perpendicular constructed, if the perpendicular intersects the figure at a distance 'd' from the axis along the perpendicular, then there exists another intersection of the shape and the perpendicular, at the same distance 'd' from the axis, in the opposite direction along the perpendicular.

Another way to think about the symmetric function is that if the shape were to be folded in half over the axis, the two halves would be identical: the two halves are each other's mirror images.[1]

Thus a square has four axes of symmetry, because there are four different ways to fold it and have the edges all match. A circle has infinitely many axes of symmetry.

Symmetric geometrical shapes

2D shapes w/reflective symmetry
Isosceles trapezoid.svg GeometricKite.svg
isosceles trapezoid and kite
Hexagon p2 symmetry.png Hexagon d3 symmetry.png
Hexagons
Octagon p2 symmetry.png Octagon d2 symmetry.png
octagons

Triangles with reflection symmetry are isosceles. Quadrilaterals with reflection symmetry are kites, (concave) deltoids, rhombuses,[2] and isosceles trapezoids. All even-sided polygons have two simple reflective forms, one with lines of reflections through vertices, and one through edges.

For an arbitrary shape, the axiality of the shape measures how close it is to being bilaterally symmetric. It equals 1 for shapes with reflection symmetry, and between 2/3 and 1 for any convex shape.

Mathematical equivalents

For each line or plane of reflection, the symmetry group is isomorphic with Cs (see point groups in three dimensions), one of the three types of order two (involutions), hence algebraically C2. The fundamental domain is a half-plane or half-space.

In certain contexts there is rotational as well as reflection symmetry. Then mirror-image symmetry is equivalent to inversion symmetry; in such contexts in modern physics the term parity or P-symmetry is used for both.

Advanced types of reflection symmetry

For more general types of reflection there are correspondingly more general types of reflection symmetry. For example:

In nature

Many animals, such as this spider crab Maja crispata, are bilaterally symmetric.

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Animals that are bilaterally symmetric have reflection symmetry in the sagittal plane, which divides the body vertically into left and right halves, with one of each sense organ and limb pair on either side. Most animals are bilaterally symmetric, likely because this supports forward movement and streamlining.[3][4][5][6]

In architecture

Mirror symmetry is often used in architecture, as in the facade of Santa Maria Novella, Venice, 1470.

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Mirror symmetry is often used in architecture, as in the facade of Santa Maria Novella, Venice.[7] It is also found in the design of ancient structures such as Stonehenge.[8] Symmetry was a core element in some styles of architecture, such as Palladianism.[9]

See also

References

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  8. Johnson, Anthony (2008). Solving Stonehenge: The New Key to an Ancient Enigma. Thames & Hudson.
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Bibliography

General

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Advanced

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External links