Governorate of Estonia

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Governorate of Estonia
Eestimaa kubermang
Province of Estonia
Governorate of the Russian Empire

1721–1917
Flag Coat of arms
Flag Coat of arms
Location of Reval or Est(h)onia
Courland Governorate, Governorate of Livonia, Governorate of Estonia of the Russian Empire
Capital Reval
History
 •  Established (de facto) 9 June 1719
 •  Established (de jure) 10 September 1721
 •  Renamed 1796
 •  Autonomy granted 12 April 1917
Population
 •  (1897) 412,716 
Political subdivisions 5

The Governorate of Est(h)onia[1] (Estonian: Eestimaa kubermang) or Province of Estonia, also known as the Government of Estonia, was a governorate of the Russian Empire in what is now northern Estonia. The Governorate was also known as Duchy of Estonia that Russia gained from Sweden during the Great Northern War in 1721.[2][3] The Russian Tsars held the title Duke of Estonia (Russian: Князь Эстляндский, Knyaz' Estlyandskii), during the Russian era in English sometimes also referred to as Prince of Estonia.[4]

Historical overview

Until the late 19th century the governorate was administered independently by the local Baltic German nobility through a feudal Regional Council (German: Landtag).[5]

Initially named the Reval Governorate after the city of Reval, today known as Tallinn, it was created in 1719 out of territories conquered from Sweden in the Great Northern War. The former dominion of Swedish Estonia was formally ceded to Russia in the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. During subsequent administrative reordering, the governorate was renamed in 1796 into the Governorate of Estonia. While the rule of the Swedish kings had been fairly liberal with greater autonomy granted for the peasantry, the regime was tightened under the Russian tsars and serfdom was not abolished until 1819.

The governorate consisted the northern part of the present-day Estonia approximately corresponding to Harjumaa including the city of Tallinn, Western Virumaa, Eastern Virumaa, Raplamaa, Järvamaa, Läänemaa and Hiiumaa. After the Russian February Revolution on 12 April [O.S. 30 March] 1917) it was expanded to include northern Livonia, thereby forming the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. Tallinn remained under Soviet control until 24 February 1918, when German troops occupied Estonia and Estonian independence was declared.

Subdivisions

The governorate was subdivided into four Kreises (uyezds).[6]

Leaders of the Governorate

Language

  • According to the Imperial census of 1897.[7] In bold are languages spoken by more people than the state language.


See also

References

  1. The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 By LtCol Andrew Parrott
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  7. Language Statistics of 1897 (Russian)
  8. Languages of which number of speakers in all Governorate were less than 1000

Further reading

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