River Foss

River Foss
File:River Foss.jpg The River Foss at York, looking upstream. The bridge is the Foss Bridge (1811–12), which links the streets of Fossgate and Walmgate.
Origin	Near Oulston Reservoir, Yearsley
Mouth	River Ouse, York
Basin countries	England
Source elevation	160 m (525 ft)
Mouth elevation	12 m (40 ft)
Basin area	118 square kilometres (46 sq mi)

River Foss

Legend Oulston Reservoir Milking Hill Bridge, Yearsley Mill Green Bridge, Crayke Eller's Beck, Crayke Brandsby Beck Marton Bridge, B1363 x20px White Bridge (Foot bridge) Mill Bridge, Stillington Foss Bridge, Farlington Farlington Beck Near West Lilling Whitecarr Beck Sherriff Hutton Bridge Howl Beck Ings Lane, West Lilling Black Dike Strensall Bridge Strensall New Bridge York to Scarborough Railway Towthorpe Bridge x20px Pedestrian bridge, Earswick x20px A1237 York Outer Ring Road Church Lane, Huntington Link Road Bridge, New Earswick Yearsley Bridge, York Yearsley loop Fossway Bridge, York x20px Footpath/Cycle Path on unused Railway Line x20px A1036, Monk Bridge, York x20px A1036, Foss Bank Bridge, York Layerthorpe Bridge, York x20px Pedestrian bridge to DEFRA, York Wormald's Cut x20px Pedestrian bridge to Rowntree Wharf Foss Bridge, Fossgate, York Piccadilly Bridge x20px A1036, Castle Mills Bridge, York Castle Mills Lock, York x20px Blue Bridge (footpath/cyclepath) River Ouse

The River Foss is an improved river in North Yorkshire, England, and a tributary of the River Ouse. It rises in the Foss Crooks woods near Oulston reservoir close to the village of Yearsley and runs south through the Vale of York to the Ouse. The name most likely comes from the Latin word Fossa, meaning ditch and is mentioned in the Domesday Book. The York district was settled by Norwegian and Danish people, so parts of the place names could be old Norse. Referring to the etymological dictionary "Etymologisk ordbog", ISBN 82-905-2016-6 dealing with the common Danish and Norwegian languages - roots of words and the original meaning. The old Norse word Fos (waterfall) meaning impetuous. The River Foss was dammed, and even though the elevation to the river Ouse is small, a waterfall was formed. This may have lead to the name Fos, and later changed to Foss.

The responsibility for the management of the river's drainage area lies with the Foss Internal drainage board (IDB). It has responsibility for the area from Crayke to the pre-1991 city boundary of York covering 9,085 hectares and 162.54 km of waterways. The Foss IDB is itself part of the York Consortium of Drainage Boards that oversees 10 IDB's in the Yorkshire region.

The typical river level range at the Foss Barrier is between 5.05m and 7.90m. The highest river level recorded at this location was 10.20 metres and the river level reached 9.34 metres on 23 January 2008.

Course

The source of this river is a spring situated in the Howardian Hills adjacent to, and flowing into, Oulston Reservoir near Newburgh Priory, 4 miles (6.5 km) north of Easingwold. From there to the Blue Bridge in York, where it joins the River Ouse, it is 19.5 miles (31 km) in length. For part of its way it runs close to the B1363 between Brandsby and Stillington. The river flows in a series of wide meanders in southerly direction for most of its course towards York. As of 2010 the river is only navigable for some 1.5 miles (2 km) upstream of Castle Mills Lock. The bridges by Peasholme Green and Foss Bank restrict the headroom to an air space of 2.4 metres.

River modifications

The Foss Barrier is built across the river near its mouth at Castle Mills. When closed, it prevents floodwater from the River Ouse forcing the flow of the Foss back on itself. When the river Ouse reaches a level of 7.4m above ordnance datum, the staff at the barrier are alerted. When the level reaches 7.8m AOD the barrier is then lowered, after running pumps for several minutes to clear silt and debris from the river bed. This provides a watertight fit. It takes four minutes to lower the barrier. To avoid the build-up of water behind the barrier causing the Foss to burst its banks, the water is pumped around the barrier and into the Ouse. This is done by eight pumps that pump water at 30 tonnes per second, this prevents the Foss flowing back on itself. The water pumped out should maintain a water level of 6.5m AOD behind the barrier. When the two sides of the barrier are equalised, the barrier is raised.

Castle Mills Lock is 34 metres long and 6 metres wide. There are mooring points in the lock basin on the River Ouse side with overnight mooring on the River Foss prohibited. Beyond Rowntree Wharf there are few opportunities for turning.

History

In 1069 William the Conqueror dammed the River Foss just south of York Castle, close to its confluence with the Ouse, to create a moat around the castle. This caused the river to flood further upstream in what is now the Hungate and Layerthorpe areas, forming a large lake that was known as the "King's Pool" or the "King's Fish Pond" and which provided fish for the markets. It was approximately 100 acres in size and fishing was only allowed by licence, except for the King's Men.

The King's Pool was an integral part of the city's inner defences during the Middle Ages as the marsh was virtually impassable. This explains why there is no city wall between Layerthorpe Postern and the Red Tower.

In the 17th century, the King's Pool and the Foss were in a state of decline because silt from upriver collected in the Pool, and not enough water came down to move it on, despite the main channel of the River Foss having been deepened in 1608. Eventually the lake was too shallow to remain viable as a defence of the city. In 1644 the lake was shallow enough for Parliamentarian forces under Sir Thomas Fairfax to consider crossing it on foot as a way of breaking the Siege of York during the English Civil War.

In 1727 an order was placed upon Arthur Ingram, 6th Viscount of Irvine to scour the River Foss from the Castle Mills to Foss Bridge, making it eight yards wide at the top and four yards at the bottom, and, in 1731 the Little Foss, an extension to enclose the Castle, was also drained. In the 18th century, the water was so low that marshy islands were created (hence the area's modern name of Foss Islands). Citizens used the river as a rubbish tip which became a health hazard. Acts of Parliament in 1793 and 1801 were enacted to make the Foss navigable and they effectively saw the end of the King's Pool. The Foss Navigation Company canalised the river from 1778, to make it navigable as far as Sheriff Hutton.

The York Drainage and Sanitary Improvement Act of 1853 meant that the York Corporation purchased the River Foss from the Foss Navigation Company. In 1859, the York Improvement Act was passed that saw the river above Yearsley Bridge abandoned as a waterway

Stillington Hall is a mansion on the west side of the Foss and adjoining the village of the same name. It was the home of the Croft family, who are descended from a common ancestor with the house of Croft, of Croft Castle in Herefordshire.

Economy

Remains of Roman jetties, wharves and warehouses have been found by excavations and building works on the banks of the Foss, suggesting that water-borne transport and trade was important from early in the history of the city.

The modern Foss benefits most from leisure activity and several long distance walks cross its path. The Foss Walk follows much of the river course from Blue Bridge to Oulston Reservoir and then on to Easingwold, a distance of 28 miles (45 km). Part of the Howardian Way near Yearsley and both the Ebor Way and Centenary Way as far as West Lilling also follow the Foss for part of their way.

Ecology

Several species of fish can be found in the river, such as Pike, Dace, Chub, Gudgeon, Perch and Roach. At the start of the century, Barbel have been introduced into the river.

Lists

Source for this section comes from the Ordnance Survey Open Source Mapping

Tributaries

There are many small streams that feed into the Foss north of Strensall. The main ones are:

• Eller's Beck, North-west of Crayke.
• Brandsby Beck, South-west of Crayke
• Farlington Beck, south of Farlington
• Whitecarr Beck, near Sherriff Hutton Bridge
• Howl Beck, near Sherriff Hutton Bridge
• Black Dike near Strensall

Settlements

North to south, to the confluence with the Ouse, these are:

• Stillington
• Strensall
• Haxby
• Earswick Village
• York

Bridges over the Foss

Main article: Bridges of York

North to south, to the confluence with the Ouse, these are:

• Road Bridge on Milking Hill near Yearsley.
• Mill Green Bridge on Brandsby Road near Crayke.
• Road Bridge on B1363 near Marton Abbey.
• White Bridge, footbridge near Marton Abbey.
• Road Bridge on Mill Lane near Stillington.
• Foss Bridge on unnamed Road near Farlington.
• Road Bridge on unnamed Road near West Lilling.
• Road Bridge on Sherriff Hutton Road near West Lilling.
• Road Bridge on Ings Lane near West Lilling.
• Road Bridge on The Village in Strensall.
• Road Bridge on Haxby Moor Road in Strensall.
• Railway Bridge on York to Scarborough Line near Strensall.
• Road Bridge on Towthorpe Road near Strensall.
• Pedestrian bridge at Earswick Village.
• A1237 York Outer Ring Road.

• Church Lane Bridge, Huntington.
• Link Road Bridge between New Earswick and Huntington.
• Footbridge from Huntington Road.
• Yearsley Bridge on Huntington Road.
• Fossway Bridge.
• Pedestrian and cycle path bridge, formerly part of the Foss Islands Branch Line of the North Eastern Railway, built around 1880.
• Monk Bridge built in 1794, widened in the 1930s.
• Foss Bank Bridge, rebuilt in 1998, now carries South-east bound Inner Ring Road traffic.
• Layerthorpe Bridge, re-built in 1998, now carries North-west bound Inner Ring Road traffic and traffic between Peasholme Green and Layerthorpe.
• Pedestrian bridge from Foss Islands Road to what is now the DEFRA site at Peasholme Green, built in 1931.
• Pedestrian bridge from Navigation Road to the Hungate area and Peasholme Green, built in 2011.
• Pedestrian bridge linking the Shambles car-park and Rowntree Wharf, built in 1990.
• Foss Bridge, built between 1811 and 1812.
• Piccadilly Bridge, built between 1911 and 1914.
• Castle Mills Bridge, built in 1956, and forms part of York's Inner Ring Road.
• The Blue Bridge, built in 1895.

Gallery

Along the River Foss

Castle Mills Lock and Basin, near the Foss Barrier and the confluence with River OuseLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Castle Mills Lock and Basin, near the Foss Barrier and the confluence with River Ouse   The River Foss Barrier (open), viewed from the southLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The River Foss Barrier (open), viewed from the south   The River Foss Barrier (closed), viewed from the north (Castle Mills Basin)Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. The River Foss Barrier (closed), viewed from the north (Castle Mills Basin)   Looking upstream from Foss Bridge to Rowntree Wharf, with Wormald's Cut to the right.Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Looking upstream from Foss Bridge to Rowntree Wharf, with Wormald's Cut to the right.   Pedestrian bridge from the west, looking downstream near DEFRA buildingsLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Pedestrian bridge from the west, looking downstream near DEFRA buildings   River Foss from Monk BridgeLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. River Foss from Monk Bridge   River Foss Huntington Road, YorkLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. River Foss Huntington Road, York   River Foss EarswickLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. River Foss Earswick   River Foss viewed from Towthorpe Bridge towards StrensallLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. River Foss viewed from Towthorpe Bridge towards Strensall   River Foss in Strensall as seen from the Post OfficeLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. River Foss in Strensall as seen from the Post Office   Bridge over River Foss in Strensall on road heading to Sherriff HuttonLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Bridge over River Foss in Strensall on road heading to Sherriff Hutton   Bridge over the River Foss near FarlingtonLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Bridge over the River Foss near Farlington   River Foss near Crayke 2 miles from its sourceLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. River Foss near Crayke 2 miles from its source   Oulston Reservoir near source of River FossLua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Oulston Reservoir near source of River Foss