Ronald Wilson

For other uses, see Ronald Wilson (disambiguation).

Sir Ronald Wilson AC KBE CMG QC
28th Justice of the High Court of Australia
In office 21 May 1979 – 13 February 1989
Nominated by	Malcolm Fraser
Preceded by	Sir Kenneth Jacobs
Succeeded by	Michael McHugh
President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission
In office 1990–1997
Preceded by	Marcus Einfeld
Succeeded by	Alice Tay
Personal details
Born	Ronald Darling Wilson (1922-08-23)23 August 1922 Geraldton, Western Australia
Died	Perth, Western Australia
Nationality	Australian
Spouse(s)	Lady Leila Wilson (née Smith)
Children	3 sons; 2 daughters
Alma mater	University of Western Australia University of Pennsylvania
Occupation	Judge and social activist
Profession	Jurist and lawyer
Religion	Presbyterianism Christianity
Military service
Allegiance	Australia
Service/branch	Royal Australian Air Force
Rank	Flying Officer
Battles/wars	World War II

Sir Ronald Darling Wilson, AC KBE CMG QC (23 August 1922 – 15 July 2005) was a distinguished Australian lawyer, judge and social activist serving on the High Court of Australia between 1979 and 1989 and as the President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission between 1990 and 1997.

Wilson is probably best known as the co-author with Mick Dodson of the 1997 Bringing Them Home report into the Stolen Generation which led to the creation of a National Sorry Day and a walk for reconciliation across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in 2000 with an estimated 250,000–300,000 people participating. Wilson was also one of three judges sitting on The WA Inc Royal Commission in the early 1990s which eventually led to former Premier Brian Burke being jailed in March 1997.

Early life and academic background

Wilson was born in Geraldton, in Western Australia on 23 August 1922. His early life was marked by sorrow and hardship. When he was four years old his mother died. At the age of seven his father, also a lawyer, suffered a stroke and spent the next five years in a hospice. His older brother became a father figure to him and for years the family faced financial struggles. At the age of 14, Wilson left formal schooling and took his first job as a messenger with the Geraldton Local Court.

Enlisting in the Australian Imperial Force in 1941, Wilson was later transferred to the Royal Australian Air Force. During World War II he was a Flying Officer and flew a Spitfire in Britain.

After World War II, Wilson enrolled in the University of Western Australia finishing with a law degree in 1949. He later completed a Master of Laws degree at the University of Pennsylvania in 1957, as a Fulbright scholar.

Early legal career

Wilson was admitted as a barrister and solicitor in 1951. He had a rapid rise in his legal career, becoming Crown Prosecutor for Western Australia in 1959, only eight years after starting work as a lawyer. In 1963, he was admitted as a Queen's Counsel, at the time, the youngest ever in Western Australia. As a prosecutor, Wilson earned the nickname of the "Avenging Angel".

In recent years, two men he had prosecuted for murder have had their convictions overturned: John Button, who was convicted in 1963 of the manslaughter of his girlfriend Rosemary Anderson and Darryl Beamish, convicted of the 1959 murder of Jillian Brewer. Perth serial killer, Eric Edgar Cooke, confessed to both offences before he was hanged for other murders, but was not believed by authorities. The convictions were eventually overturned in 2002.

In 1969, Wilson became the Solicitor-General of Western Australia. He served in that position for ten years working under both Labor and Liberal governments.

High Court Justice, 1979-1989

The Fraser Government appointed Wilson to the High Court of Australia in 1979 and was the first member of the Court from Western Australia. Wilson adopted a federalist position on the court; and was frequently in the minority on issues relating to the scope of the Commonwealth's external affairs legislative power.

In Koowarta v. Bjelke-Petersen (1983) 153 C.L.R. 168 at 16, High Court (Australia), Wilson was in the minority in holding that the external affairs power in the Australian constitution applied only to relationships outside Australia. The majority of the High Court found that the treaty need only apply to issues of clear international concern. The majority held the Federal Parliament had the power to pass the Racial Discrimination Act 1975 as a result of Australia being a signatory to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.

In Commonwealth v. Tasmania (1983) 158 C.L.R. 1 at 2–4, High Court (Australia), the external affairs power was again the central issue. The new Hawke Government had used the external affairs power as the basis for passing legislation preventing the Tasmanian Government from building a hydro-electric dam on the Franklin River. Wilson considered that the external affairs power did not give the Federal Parliament authority to pass such legislation as it could obtain power to pass any form of legislation it wished by simply entering into a treaty with another power. Chief Justice Harry Gibbs and Daryl Dawson were the other judges joining Wilson in the dissenting judgement.

Interestingly, Wilson dissented on the first Mabo case of 1988, with the majority finding that the Queensland Coast Islands Declaratory Act, 1879 (Qld), which attempted to retrospectively abolish native title rights, was not valid according to the Racial Discrimination Act, 1975 (Cth).

Wilson retired from the High Court in 1989, aged 67 years.

Commissioner, 1990-1997

In 1990 the Hawke Government appointed Wilson as the President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission, where he served until his retirement in 1997. During his term as Human Right Commissioner, Wilson also served as Deputy Chairperson of the Council for Aboriginal Reconciliation from 1991 to 1994.

Wilson was Chancellor of Murdoch University between 1980 and 1995. The "Ronald Wilson Prize in Law" was first awarded by Murdoch University in 1993 to the graduate who best combines distinguished academic performance in law units with qualities of character, leadership and all-round contribution to the life of the university.

Bringing Them Home report

Wilson and Mick Dodson, the Aboriginal Social Justice Commissioner, jointly led the National Inquiry into the forced removal of Aboriginal children from their families and communities. Wilson and Dodson visited every state in Australia over the 17-month duration of the Inquiry and heard testimony from 535 aboriginals with 600 more making submissions. Wilson wrote after the completion of the report: "In chairing the National Inquiry (...) I had to relate to hundreds of stories of personal devastation, pain and loss. It was a life-changing experience." The Inquiry produced a report called Bringing Them Home: Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families which was tabled in Federal Parliament. It found that Australia was in breach of international law, called for a national compensation fund and recommended a national "sorry day".

The report was welcomed by Aboriginal Australians but widely criticised by conservatives. Anthropologist Ron Brunton said the claims of genocide were an "embellishment"; with social commentator Robert Manne and academic Hal Wootten disputing Brunton's claims. The Prime Minister at the time, John Howard, refused to issue an apology instead stating his regret. The Parliaments of NSW, Northern Territory, South Australia and Victoria passed motions apologising for the maltreatment. The first National Sorry Day was held in 1998 and attracted widespread participation while, in 2000, an estimated 250,000–300,000 people walked across the Sydney Harbour Bridge in support of reconciliation. In 2008, Kevin Rudd as Prime Minister issued an apology to the Stolen Generation on behalf of the Australian people.

The WA Inc Royal Commission

Carmen Lawrence appointed Wilson as one of the three eminent jurists conducting The WA Inc Royal Commission. The Royal Commission was chaired by Geoffrey Kennedy and the third member was Peter Brinsden with a brief "to inquire into and report" whether there had been "corruption, illegal conduct, improper conduct, or bribery" on the part of any person or corporation in the "affairs, investment decisions and business dealings of the Government of Western Australia or its agencies". In its 1992 report, the Royal Commission said "The commission has found conduct and practices on the part of certain persons involved in government in the period 1983 to 1989 such as to place our government system at risk." It was particularly critical of the behaviour of former Premier Brian Burke who was subsequently convicted for two years on charges of fraudulent behavior in 1994.

Church and social leadership

Throughout his life, Wilson was an active participant in first the Presbyterian Church of Australia and then the Uniting Church in Australia. He held a range of senior positions in the Church including Moderator of Assembly, Presbyterian Church in Western Australia (1965); Moderator, WA Synod, Uniting Church in Australia (1977-1979); President of the Assembly, Uniting Church in Australia (1988-1991), including the first layperson to hold that post; and President of the Australian Chapter on World Conference on Religion and Peace (1991-1996).

He was particularly concerned with encouraging the broad Australian community to gain an understanding of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander history. In retirement, he travelled widely to Aboriginal and church events, and was an active member of a refugee education scheme near his home.

Honours

In 1978 Wilson was appointed a Companion of the Order of St Michael and St George (CMG) for services to the community in Western Australia. The following year he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire (KBE) for services as a Judge of the High Court. On 26 January 1988, Wilson was appointed a Companion of the Order of Australia (AC) for services to the law.

In addition, Wilson was awarded the Centenary Medal on 1 January 2001 for service as a Justice of the High Court of Australia and to human rights.

He has been conferred with honorary degrees from the University of Western Australia (Doctor of Laws), Keimyung University (Doctor of Education), and Murdoch University (Doctor of the University).

Personal life

Sir Ronald married Leila Smith in April 1950; and together they had five children and nine grandchildren.

External links

Religious titles
Preceded by Ian Tanner	President of the Assembly, Uniting Church in Australia 1988-1991	Succeeded by H. D'Arcy Wood
Legal offices
Preceded by Sir Kenneth Jacobs	28th Justice of the High Court of Australia 1979–1989 With: Sir Garfield Barwick (1964–1981) Sir Harry Gibbs (1970–1987) Sir Ninian Stephen (1972–1982) Sir Anthony Frank Mason (1972–1995) Lionel Murphy (1975–1986) Sir Keith Aickin (1976–1982) Sir Gerard Brennan (1981–1998) Sir William Deane (1982–1995) Sir Daryl Dawson (1982–1997) John Toohey (1987–1998) Mary Gaudron (1987–2003)	Succeeded by Michael McHugh
Preceded by Marcus Einfeld	President of the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 1990–1997	Succeeded by Alice Tay
Academic offices
Preceded by John Wickham	Chancellor of Murdoch University 1980–1995	Succeeded by Fred Chaney