Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge

Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge
IUCN category IV (habitat/species management area)
284px Crystal digging area of the Salt Plains
Location	Alfalfa County, Oklahoma
Nearest city	Jet
Coordinates
Area	32,080 acres (129.8 km2)
Established	1930
Governing body	United States Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. National Natural Landmark
Designated	June 1983

The Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge is part of the United States system of National Wildlife Refuges. It is located in Alfalfa County in northern Oklahoma, north of Jet (pop. 230), along Great Salt Plains Lake, which is formed by a dam on the Salt Fork of the Arkansas River.

The refuge was established March 26, 1930 by executive order of President Herbert Hoover and contains 32,080 acres (130 km²) of protected land as habitat to approximately 312 species of birds and 30 species of mammals. It was designated a National Natural Landmark in June 1983.

File:Salt plains NWR.jpg

A map of the Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge

Refuge description

The Salt Plains were a favorite hunting ground for American Indians. Bison and other game came to the area to eat the salt and the heavily-wooded and well-watered area along the Salt Fork River was like an oasis in the surrounding grassland of the Great Plains. Salt Plains refuge is divided into almost equal areas of non-vegetated salt flat, open water, and vegetated land. Marshes, woods, grassland, and cropland dot the refuge. Management tools used to enhance the habitat for wildlife include farming, grazing, prescribed burns, construction of ponds, and wetland draining and flooding.

The refuge was created to be a resting and breeding ground for migratory waterfowl especially during fall and spring. The entire refuge is designated as critical habitat for the endangered whooping crane, which is mostly seen during fall migration. In addition, the refuge is home to endangered least terns, threatened snowy plovers, threatened bald eagles and peregrine falcons. Large populations of American white pelicans migrate through between August and September, staying on the Great Salt Plains Reservoir. Great Salt Plains is one of the most important habitats for shorebirds in the Western Hemisphere.

Ralstin Island

Ralstin Island (closed to the public) is an important rookery in the Great Salt Plains Lake. The island was originally , but has eroded to about . It hosts more than 30,000 birds during breeding season. Over 30 species nest in the colony, including the white-faced ibis, great blue herons and most notably, the tricolored heron.

Chemical weapons discovery

In 2007, a Boy Scout digging for crystals uncovered a collection of 7.5-inch vials containing chemical agents such as mustard gas, lewisite, chloropicrin, and phosgene. The vials were part of World War II era military Chemical Agent Identification Sets. The burial of vials was standard procedure for removing them from service at that time. There was no record of a disposal site at the salt plains. Crystal digging was suspended from April 2007 until April 2009, while the risk of allowing digging again was evaluated. 171 vials and at least a dozen incendiary devices were removed from the location. The salt plains were also used as a bombing and strafing range during World War II. There are still remnants of this use left on the plains.

Recreation

Driving tour: The Harold F. Miller Auto Tour begins near the nature center. It is 2.5 miles (4 km) long and ends at Highway 11. The dirt road passes by ponds and fields where crops for wildlife are cultivated. White-tailed deer and other wildlife are common. A trail of leads to Casey Marsh Tower where waterfowl is abundant and bald eagles can be seen in fall and winter.

Hiking: The Sandpiper Trail begins near the Nature Center and Refuge Office and leads to the edge of the salt flats and a birding observation platform. The Eagle Roost Nature Trail is a loop also beginning near the nature center. The trail goes through wooded and open areas, beneath towering cottonwood trees, past marshes and ponds, and to a shore and water bird watching area on Sand Creek Bay.

Selenite crystals: A designated area of the of salt flats at the refuge has gypsum concentrations high enough to grow selenite, a crystalline form of gypsum. The selenite crystals found there have an hourglass-shaped sand inclusion that is not known to occur in selenite crystals found elsewhere in the world. Digging for crystals is allowed from April 1 through October 15 and visitors come from all over the world.

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  View of the crystal-digging areas from the observation tower

• Washingcrystals.jpg

  Washing sand off the crystals

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  Many selenite crystals found in a single day

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  Blade / penetration twins type of selenite crystal

Hunting: 1,250 acres (5 km²) of the refuge north of Highway 11 are open for hunting. State laws apply, except that deer which may be hunted by permit only. Hunting is permitted for pheasant, northern bobwhite quail, mourning dove, ducks, geese, and sandhill cranes.

Fishing: According to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the extreme drought of 2011 and 2012 has almost ended fishing as a recreational activity at the refuge. These conditions caused very large fish kills in the reservoir and restocking has been suspended. Fishing downstream of the dam is still permitted, but is greatly affected by local precipitation and the flow of the Great Salt River.

Information that follows indicate the practices in force prior to the 2011 drought, and may no longer apply: Fishing is permitted from April 1 to October 15 on most of the refuge. Closed areas are marked by buoys or signs. Fishing in Bonham Pond is permitted only for children under 14 and mobility handicapped persons and is catch and release. Salt Plains Lake is noted for large channel and other catfish. Other game fish include striped bass, largemouth bass, crappie, white bass, panfish, and walleye. State laws apply for bag limits and seasons and the use of boats in the river and creeks is prohibited.

See also

• Great Salt Plains State Park
• Central Great Plains (ecoregion)
• The Great Plains Ecoregion

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from websites or documents of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.

External links

• US Army Corps of Engineers:Great Salt Plains Recreation
• Salt Plains History
• Refuge website
• SP Bird List

Informational videos

Official Great Salt Plains videos have been created and are hosted on YouTube. They are part of a short series, which includes:

• Let's Go Crystal Digging
• Great Salt Plains National Wildlife Refuge
• Let's Explore a Birding Paradise
• Parks, Trails and Memorials of Alfalfa County
• Byron State Fish Hatchery
• Oklahoma Great Salt Plains State Park

Other videos:

• Interview with Refuge Manager regarding the Ralstin Island Rookery