Samuel Willenberg

Samuel Willenberg
Samuel Willenberg at Treblinka, August 2, 2013
Born	(1923-02-16)February 16, 1923 Częstochowa, Poland
Died	Udim, Israel
Nationality	Polish, Israeli
Known for	Holocaust art
Movement	Realism, post-expressionism

Samuel Willenberg, nom de guerre Igo, (February 16, 1923 – February 19, 2016) was a Polish-Jewish prisoner of Treblinka extermination camp who participated in its perilous prisoner revolt. He took part in the Warsaw Uprising before the war's end. Willenberg was the last survivor of the August 1943 Treblinka prisoners’ revolt upon his death. After the war he lived in Israel. He received the highest of Poland's orders including Virtuti Militari and the Commander's Cross of the Order of Merit awarded by President Lech Kaczyński. His memoir, titled Revolt in Treblinka, was published in Hebrew, Polish and English between 1986 and 1991. He was a sculptor and painter.

Life and work

Samuel Willenberg was born in Częstochowa. His father, Perec Willenberg, was a teacher at a local Jewish school before World War II, a talented painter and visual artist himself, who used to work on assignments decorating synagogues. His mother, Maniefa Popow, was an Orthodox Christian before converting to Judaism after their wedding. The family lived in Częstochowa before relocating to Warsaw.

Nazi invasion of Poland

In the course of the Nazi German invasion of Poland, on September 6, 1939 Willenberg set off in the direction of Lublin to join the Polish Army as a volunteer. Within days, the Soviets invaded from the east. He was severely wounded on September 25, in a skirmish with the Red Army near Chełm, and captured. Three months later, he escaped from the hospital back to central Poland to reconnect with his family in Radość (now a part of Warsaw). They went to Opatów including his mother and two sisters at the beginning of 1940 to meet his father, who worked there on murals for the synagogue. However, at the same time the Nazis began herding Polish Jews into ghettos all across the country. The Opatów Ghetto (founded in the spring of 1941) although without the fence, quickly became hazardous. The Jews expelled from Silesia were brought in. An epidemic of typhus broke out. Willenberg traded his father's paintings for the necessities of life, but also worked at a steel mill in Starachowice for several months, along with hundreds of forced laborers supplied by the Judenrat.

Operation Reinhard—a secretive Nazi extermination action in the semi-colonial General Government district—began in 1942, marking the most deadly phase of the Holocaust in Poland. The Willenbergs managed to obtain false "Aryan" papers, and escaped back to their hometown. The Ghetto in Częstochowa was set up on April 9, 1941. At its peak, it held around 40,000 prisoners. There was literally no place to hide. Willbenberg's two sisters, Ita and Tamara, were taken there. His mother tried to rescue them and sent Samuel back to Opatów. On October 20, 1942, Willenberg boarded the Holocaust train along with 6,500 inmates of the then-liquidated Opatów ghetto, and went with them to the extermination camp at Treblinka.

Treblinka death camp

Willenberg with his Treblinka studies at the Treblinka Museum permanent exhibition

The camp, which was built as part of Operation Reinhard (the most deadly phase of the Final Solution), operated between July 23, 1942 and October 19, 1943. During this time, more than 800,000 Jews—men, women, and children—were murdered there. Other estimates of the number killed at Treblinka exceed 1,000,000.

Upon his arrival at Treblinka, Willenberg received a life-saving piece of advice at the unloading ramp, from one of the Jewish Auffanglager prisoners. He posed as a seasoned bricklayer. Luckily, he was wearing a paint-stained smock-frock of his father's (an outer garment traditionally worn by rural workers), donned in Opatów in preparation for slave labor. Willenberg was the only person from his transport who escaped death in the gas chambers that day.

At first, he was assigned to the camp's largest Kommando Rot, unpacking and sorting the belongings of victims already "processed". He later recognized the clothes of his own two sisters there. With time, he was assigned to other squads as number "937" in the Sonderkommando camouflaging the camp's purpose with tree branches woven into barbed-wire fences. On August 2, 1943 Willenberg participated in the revolt at Treblinka with about 200–300 others. Unlike most of them, he escaped successfully.

Wounded in the leg, he journeyed back to Warsaw where he managed to locate his father who was hiding on the "Aryan" side of the city. He became involved in the underground resistance including the acquisition of weapons for the left-wing partisan Polish People's Army (Polska Armia Ludowa). He used his mother's maiden name, Ignacy Popow. He was hiding at a safe-house on Natolińska street, when the Warsaw Uprising erupted.

In his autobiography, Revolt in Treblinka, Willenberg wrote that on the first day of the Uprising he joined Batalion Ruczaj of the Armia Krajowa Sub-district I. He fought in Śródmieście along Marszałkowska Street and Savior Square. At the beginning of September 1944, he transferred to the Polish People's Army with the rank of cadet sergeant. After the surrender of Warsaw, he left the city with the civilian population. He escaped from the prisoner train in Pruszków and hid in the vicinity of Błonie until the Soviet liberation.

Postwar years

In 1945–1946, Willenberg served in the Polish Army as a lieutenant. In 1947, he helped one of the Jewish organizations in Poland find Jewish children rescued from the Holocaust by non-Jewish Polish families. In 1950, during the darkest years of Stalinism in Poland, together with his mother and wife, he emigrated to Israel. Willenberg took up training as an engineer surveyor and obtained a long-term position of Chief Measurer at the Ministry of Reconstruction.

After retiring, Willenberg completed formal studies in the field of fine arts. He graduated from sculpture at the University of the Third Age in Jerusalem and quickly became known for his work on the Holocaust. He created mainly figurative sculpture in clay and bronze. His series of fifteen bronze casts depicting people and scenes from the Treblinka death camp, as well as several maps and drawings of the camp, were exhibited internationally.

In 2003, the Warsaw National Gallery of Art "Zachęta" held an exhibition of his work. His sculpture was also shown at the Museum of Częstochowa in 2004. He is the author of the Holocaust monument to the 40,000 victims of the Częstochowa Ghetto, unveiled there in October 2009. In 1986 Willenberg first published his memoir Revolt in Treblinka (English translation by Naftali Greenwood, Oxford 1989), which he later published in Poland with the preface by Władysław Bartoszewski (1991 and 2004). Since 1983 he was the co-organizer of regular visits of Israeli youth to Poland.

On 19 February 2016, Willenberg died in Israel. He was survived by his wife, Ada, their daughter and three grandchildren.

Honorable distinctions

Willenberg received the highest national honors of the Republic of Poland including Virtuti Militari, the Cross of Merit with Swords, the Cross of Valor, Warsaw Cross of the Uprising, the Polish Army Medal and the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland bestowed upon him by President Lech Kaczyński. Willenberg was the final survivor of the prisoner uprising, after the death of his lifelong friend and Treblinka survivor Kalman Taigman in August 2012 (age 88).

Documentary

Willenberg is the subject and leading character in the documentary film by Michał Nekanda-Trepka with music by Zygmunt Konieczny, titled The Last Witness (Ostatni świadek, 2002) produced by Studio Filmowe Everest for TVP 2. It tells the story of Treblinka extermination camp and its courageous rebellion. The film was awarded a Silver Medal at the international documentary film competition in Stockholm in 2002.

See also

• Jankiel Wiernik, Treblinka survivor, author of the 1944 memoir: A Year in Treblinka (Rok w Treblince)
• Chil Rajchman, Treblinka revolt survivor, author of a parallel 1945 memoir The Last Jew of Treblinka

References

• Michał Grynberg, Maria Kotowska, Życie i zagłada Żydów polskich 1939–1945 (The Life and extermination of Polish Jewry 1939–1945). Warsaw, Oficyna Naukowa 2003, p. 202. ISBN 83-88164-65-1.
• Samuel Willenberg, Bunt w Treblince (Revolt in Treblinka). Warsaw, Biblioteka "Więzi" 2004, pp. 9–150. ISBN 83-88032-74-7.
• Patrycja Bukalska, "Piekło płonie" (The Hell burns) in: Tygodnik Powszechny [on-line]. Tygodnik.onet.pl, 16/2013 (Special). Accessed August 29, 2013.
• Barbara Engelking, Dariusz Libionka, Żydzi w powstańczej Warszawie (Jews in the Warsaw Uprising). Warsaw, Stowarzyszenie Centrum nad Zagładą Żydów (Center for Holocaust Association) 2009, pp. 75–155. ISBN 978-83-926831-1-7.