Sanjak of Scutari

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Sanjak of Scutari / Sanjak of Shkodra
İşkodra Sancağı
Sanxhaku i Shkodrës
Скадарски санџак
sanjak of the Ottoman Empire

 
30px
1479–1913

Coat of arms of Sanjak of Scutari

Coat of arms

The sanjak highlighted, late 19th century.
Capital Scutari (present-day Shkodër)
History
 •  Ottoman Empire captured Shkodra from Republic of Venice 1479
 •  Ottoman Empire signed Treaty of London
 •  Disestablished 30 May 1913 1913
Today part of  Albania
 Montenegro

The Sanjak of Scutari or Sanjak of Shkodra (Albanian: Sanxhaku i Shkodrës; Serbian: Скадарски санџак; Turkish: İskenderiye Sancağı or İşkodra Sancağı ) was one of the sanjaks of the Ottoman Empire. It was established after Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra after the siege of Shkodra in 1478-9. It was part of Rumelia Eyalet until 1867, when it became a part, together with Sanjak of Skopje, of newly established Scutari Vilayet. In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of Principality of Albania, established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913.

History

Background and formation

With short interruptions, the territory of northern Albania, including what would become the Sanjak of Scutari, belonged to the Serbian medieval states for many centuries.[1] The first Ottoman censuses (1431, 1467 and 1485) show substantial presence of Slavic toponyms.

The last Slavic dynasty that controlled Shkodra was Balšić noble family.[2][better source needed] At the end of the 14th century the city came under the control of the Republic of Venice and after Ottoman Empire acquired Shkodra from Venice after the siege of Shkodra in 1478-9,[3][better source needed] it became the centre of Sanjak of Scutari.

Acquisition of Zeta

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Since he was appointed on the position of sanjakbey of the Scutari in 1496, Feriz Beg had intention to annex Zeta to Ottoman Empire. Đurađ Crnojević who controlled neighboring Principality of Zeta maintained frequent correspondence with other Christian feudal states with intention to establish an anti-Ottoman coalition. When his brother, Stefan, betrayed him to Ottomans in 1496,[4] Đurađ proposed to accept the suzerainty of Ottoman Empire if Feruz Beg accept to recognize him as governor in Zeta. Feriz Beg refused this proposal and invited Đurađ to either come to Scutari to clarify his anti-Ottoman activities or to flee Zeta. When Firuz Beg attacked Zeta with strong forces in 1496 Đurađ decided to flee to Venice.[5] In 1497 Firuz Beg captured Grbalj and put Zeta under his effective military control, although it was still part of the Zeta governed by Stefan II Crnojević.[6] In 1499 Feriz Beg formally annexed Zeta to the territory of his Sanjak of Scutari, and Zeta lost its status as an independent state.[6][5][7] In 1514, this territory was separated from the Sanjak of Scutari and established as a separate sanjak, under the rule of Skenderbeg Crnojević. When he died in 1528, the Sanjak of Montenegro was reincorporated into the Sanjak of Scutari as a unique administrative unit (vilayet) with certain degree of autonomy.[8]

Late 16th and early 17th century

The census of 1582—1583 registered the "vilayet of the Black Mountain" (vilayet-i Kara Dağ) as separate administrative unit within Sanjak of Scutari. The vilayet consisted of the following nahiyah and villages: Grbavci with 13 villages, Župa 11, Malonšići 7, Plješivci 14, Cetinje 16, Rijeka 31, Crmnica 11, Paštrovići 36 and Grbalj 9 villages; a total of 148 villages.[9]

Marino Bizzi, the Archbishop of Bar (Antivari), in his 1610 report stated that name of the sanjakbey of Sanjak of Scutari was Ali Pasha.[10]

Pashalik of Scutari

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

In the period between 1757 and 1831, the Sanjak of Scutari was elevated to the Pashalik of Scutari, a semi-autonomous[11] pashalik under the Ottoman empire created by the Albanian Bushati family. Its territory encompassed parts of modern-day northern Albania and Montenegro, with its center in city of Shkodër. The weakening of Ottoman central authority and the timar system of land ownership brought anarchy to the West Balkans region of Ottoman Empire. In the late 18th century, two centers of power emerged in this region: Shkodër, under the Bushati family; and Janina, under Ali Pasha of Tepelenë. Both regions cooperated with and defied the Sublime Porte as their interests required.[12]

Scutari Vilayet

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Before 1867, Shkodër (İşkodra) was a sanjak within the Rumelia Eyalet. In 1867, the Sanjak of Scutari merged with the Sanjak of Üsküb (Skopje), forming the Scutari Vilayet. The vilayet was subsequently divided into three sanjaks: İșkodra (Scutari), Prizren and Dibra. In 1877, the Sanjak of Prizren was transferred to the Kosovo Vilayet, and the Sanjak of Dibra was transferred to the Monastir Vilayet. Following the territorial transfers, the Sanjak of Scutari was subsequently divided into two sanjaks: Sanjak of Scutari and Sanjak of Draç (Durrës).

Following the invasion of Montenegrin forces during the Montenegrin-Ottoman War between 1876 and 1878, ownership of the cities of Bar, Podgorica, and Ulcinj was transferred from the Sanjak of Scutari to the Principality of Montenegro.

In 1900, the Vilayet of Scutari was disestablished, demerging into two separate sanjaks: Sanjak of Scutari and Sanjak of Durrës.

Disestablishment

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

In 1912 and beginning of 1913 it was occupied by members of Balkan League during the First Balkan War. In 1914 the territory of Sanjak of Scutari became a part of Principality of Albania, established on the basis of peace contract signed during London Conference in 1913.[13]

Demographics

Based on the people names registered in the census, it may be concluded that population of Sanjak of Scutari was mainly composed of Serbs and Albanians (Orthodox, Catholic and Muslim). There was also certain number of Vlachs, Turks and other people present, mainly in towns.[14]

1485 census

The first Ottoman census of the Sanjak of Scutari was organized in 1485. It was the third Ottoman census which was organized on the territory within modern Republic of Albania. The first census was organized in 1431 on the territory of Sanjak of Albania. The 1485 census shows that Sanjak of Scutari consisted of four kazas: İşkodra (Shkodër), Depedöğen (Podgorica), İpek (Peć), and Bihor.[15] The kazas were divided into smaller administrative units, nahiyah.

1582—1583 census

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

The census organized in period 1582—1583 shows that there were many nahiyah within Sanjak of Scutari with following number of villages:[16]

  • Shkodër with 128 villages
  • Dušmen with 24 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character, minority with a Serbian character.
    • Toponyms show some South Slavic influence
    • Islamisation was slowly occurring within the nahiyah, based on the presence of characteristically Muslim names within its population
  • Zabojana with 48 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character, minority with a Serbian character.
  • Mrko with 9 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
  • Krajina with 18 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character
    • Toponyms show an overwhelming South Slavic influence
  • Gorje Šestan (Džebel-i Šestan) with 7 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
  • Podgorica with 13 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
  • Žabljak with 8 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
  • Hoti with 8 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character, while a minority had with a Serbian character.
  • Bjelopavlići with 6 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
  • Vražegrmci with 16 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
  • Pobor with 11 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
  • Klemente with 2 villages; majority had personal names with an Albanian character, minority with a Serbian character.
  • Kuči with 13 villages; majority had personal names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character.
  • Peć with 235 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character; very few personal names with an Albanian character mentioned
    • Islamisation was common within the nahiyah, with many Serbs and Albanians converting to Islam
  • Altin (Altun li) with 41 villages; relative majority had names with a Serbian character, minority with an Albanian character
  • Petrišpan with 33 villages
  • Budimlje with 31 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
    • Presence of Muslim inhabitants shown in one village within the nahiyah
  • Komoran with 20 villages; overwhelming majority had personal names with a Serbian character
    • Presence of Muslim inhabitants shown in two villages within the nahiyah
  • Plav with 18 villages; all inhabitants had personal names with a Serbian character
    • No Muslim inhabitants within the nahiyah
  • Zla Rijeka with 12 villages

There was a total of 709 villages in the Sanjak of Scutari.

Additionally, a smaller part of Ottoman census from 1582—1583 dealt with Montenegro (Vilâyet-i Karaca-dağ) as separate administrative unit within Sanjak of Scutari. This part consisted of following nahiyah and villages: Grbavci with 13 villages, Župa with 11 villages, Malonšići with 7 villages, Plješivci with 14 villages, Cetinje with 16 villages, Rijeka with 31 villages, Cernica (Crmnica) with 11 villages, Paštrovići with 36 villages, Grbalj with 9 villages. There was a total of 148 villages belonging to the Montenegrin subdivision.

The 1582—1583 census shows 857 villages and several towns including Shkodër (İşkodra), Peć (İpek), Podgorica (Depedöğen), Bar (Bar) and Ulcinj (Ulçin).

1874 estimation

According to Russian consulate Ivan Yastrebov's estimations, there were 80.000 Catholic males, 20.000 Orthodox males, and 9.500 Muslim males. The majority of the population spoke the Albanian language. He asserted that the Orthodox, and a number of Catholics and Muslims spoke the Serbian language.[17]

Governors

See also

Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

References

  1. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. društvo 1935, p. 194.
  5. 5.0 5.1 Jovanović 1947, p. 52.
  6. 6.0 6.1 Pavle S. Radusinović 1978, p. 44.
  7. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.; Гласник Српског ученог друштва, књ. XL. стр. 182-183

Sources

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Further reading

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.