Santa Cruz del Quiché

From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
Jump to: navigation, search
Santa Cruz del Quiché
Municipality
Santa Cruz del Quiché, 2007
Santa Cruz del Quiché, 2007
Santa Cruz del Quiché is located in Guatemala
Santa Cruz del Quiché
Santa Cruz del Quiché
Location in Guatemala
Santa Cruz del Quiché is located in El Quiché
Santa Cruz del Quiché
Santa Cruz del Quiché
Location in El Quiché Department
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Country Flag of Guatemala.svg Guatemala
Department ..El Quiché Flag(GUATEMALA).png El Quiché
Municipality Santa Cruz del Quiché
Government[1]
 • Type Municipal
 • Mayor Rosendo Jerónimo Salvador Cuterez (LIDER)
Area
 • Municipality 311 km2 (120 sq mi)
Elevation 2,021 m (6,631 ft)
Highest elevation 2,500 m (8,200 ft)
Lowest elevation 1,500 m (4,900 ft)
Population (Census 2002)[3]
 • Municipality 62,369
 • Urban 20,870
 • Ethnicities K'iche', Ladino
 • Religions Eastern Orthodoxy,[2] (then recent historically) Roman Catholicism, Evangelicalism, Maya
Climate Csb
Website http://www.inforpressca.com/quiche/

Santa Cruz del Quiché is a city in Guatemala. It serves as the capital of El Quiché department and the municipal seat of Santa Cruz del Quiché municipality. The city is located at Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found., at an elevation of 2,021 m (6,631 feet) above sea level. The urban population was about 21,000 people in 2003 and it has an airport.

History

Santa Cruz del Quiché was founded by Pedro de Alvarado, a companion and second in-command of conquistador Hernán Cortés, after he burned down the nearby Maya capital city of Q'umarkaj (or Utatlán, in the Nahuatl language). The oldest buildings, including a large cathedral and clock tower in the central plaza, were constructed out of the stones of the Q'umarkaj ruins by the Dominicans. Some think it likely that it was in Santa Cruz where a group of anonymous K'iche' nobles of the Nim Ch'okoj class transcribed the Popol Vuh, the sacred text of the Maya.

In Santa Cruz, the former rulers of Q'umarkaj were reduced to the status of peasant.

Pacific conquest by the Dominican friars

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main article: Bartolomé de las Casas

On his second visit to Guatemala, in 1537, friar Bartolome de las Casas, O.P. wanted to employ his new method of conversion based on two principles: 1) to preach the Gospel to all men and treat them as equals, and 2) to assert that conversion must be voluntary and based on knowledge and understanding of the Faith. It was important for Las Casas that this method be tested without meddling from secular colonists, so he chose a territory in the heart of Guatemala where there were no previous colonies and where the natives were considered fierce and war-like. Because of the fact that the land had not been possible to conquer by military means, the governor of Guatemala, Alonso de Maldonado, agreed to sign a contract promising that if the venture was successful he would not establish any new encomiendas in the area. Las Casas's group of friars established a Dominican presence in Rabinal, Sacapulas and Cobán, reaching as far as Chahal. Through the efforts of Las Casas' missionaries the so-called "Land of War" came to be called "Verapaz", "True Peace". Las Casas's strategy was to teach Christian songs to merchant Indian Christians who then ventured into the area. In this way he was successful in converting several native chiefs, among them those of Atitlán and Chichicastenango, and in building several churches in the territory named Alta Verapaz. These congregated a group of Christian Indians in the location of what is now the town of Rabinal.[4] In 1538 Las Casas was recalled from his mission by Bishop Francisco Marroquin who wanted him to go to Mexico and then on to Spain in order to seek more Dominicans to assist in the mission.[5]

Monastery and doctrine of Order of Preachers

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

See also: Indian Reductions
Order of Preachers coat of arms.
Order of Preachers convents during the Spanish colony en Guatemala and the approximate area of their surrounding doctrines

After the conquest, the Spanish crown focused on the Catholic indoctrination of the natives. Human settlements founded by royal missionaries in the New World were called "Indian doctrines" or simply "doctrines". Originally, friars had only temporary missions: teach the Catholic faith to the natives, and then transfer the settlements to secular parishes, just like the ones that existed in Spain at the time; the friars were supposed to teach Spanish and Catholicism to the natives. And when the natives were ready, they could start living in parishes and contribute with mandatory tithing, just like the people in Spain.[6]

But this plan never materialized, mainly because the Spanish crown lost control of the regular orders as soon as their friars set course to America. Shielded by their apostolic privileges granted to convert natives into Catholicism, the missionaries only responded to their order local authorities, and never to that of the Spanish government or the secular bishops. The orders local authorities, in turn, only dealt with their own order and not with the Spanish crown. Once a doctrine had been established, the protected their own economic interests, even against those of the King and thus, the doctrines became Indian towns that remains unaltered for the rest of the Spanish colony.

The doctrines were founded at the friars discretion, given that they were completely at liberty to settle communities provided the main purpose was to eventually transfer it as a secular parish which would be tithing of the bishop. In reality, what happened was that the doctrines grew uncontrollably and were never transferred to any secular parish; they formed around the place where the friars had their monastery and from there, they would go out to preach to settlements that belong to the doctrine and were called "annexes", "visits" or "visit towns". Therefore, the doctrines had three main characteristics:

  1. they were independent from external controls (both ecclesiastical and secular)
  2. were run by a group of friars
  3. had a relatively larger number of annexes.[6]

The main characteristic of the doctrines was that they were run by a group of friars, because it made sure that the community system would continue without any issue when one of the members died.[7]

In 1638, the Order of Preachers split their large doctrines —which meant large economic benefits for them— in groups centered around each one of their six monasteries, including the Sacapulas monastery:[8]

Order of Preachers' doctrines in Sacapulas in 1638[8]
Convent Doctrines
Sacapulas

In 1754, the Order of Preachers had to transfer all of their doctrines and convents to the secular clergy, as part of the Bourbon reforms.[9]

Pan American highway

In the 20th Century, the Pan-American Highway passed Santa Cruz by, making it less a gateway to the Western Highlands and only the main stop on the road to the North of el Quiché. As the living conditions for the Indigenous people were so pitiful in the city, the town of Santo Tomás Chichicastenango, about 20 miles to the south of Santa Cruz, began to swell with the immigration of displaced Mayas and soon passed up Santa Cruz in both size and importance.[citation needed]

Guatemalan Civil War

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

Main articles: Guatemalan Civil War and Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres

During the Guatemalan Civil War Santa Cruz del Quiché found itself in the area where the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres -one of the guerrilla organizations that operated in Guatemala- was active. This organization justified its terrorist attacks against private and public infrastructure by saying that they only impacted the economic interests of both State and the country's productive sector and that it made the Guatemalan Army more vulnerable. In the Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico final report, former EGP members said that "destroying infrastructure just under the concept of destroying the country's infrasestroture, to damage the country, that did not happened. There was always an explanation... in context with the war that we were sustaining at the time and in context within the tactic moment when we were going to blow up a bridge, yes, we were going to blow it up so that the Army could not go through and to stop it from its barbarism... to cut its advances and withdraws- But from Nentón to the North, the highway was closed [end of 1981 to beginning of 1982], the Army did not get in, not a single authority would come in, and the telegraph posts -which where the other communication device that existed- were taken down".[10] "When we cut power to some (Army) barracks the power to the closest towns and village was cut as well, creating resentment in the population. Afterwards, the sabotages were commonplace in order to create chaos along the country and preparing the conditions of a pre insurrection state".[11]

The EGP attacks that affected Santa Cruz del Quiché were:

Date Target Result
16 November 1981 State Power Institute facilities in Santa Cruz del Quiché Left without power all of the nearby municipalities.[12]
18 December 1981 «El Tesoro» Bruidge in Quiché Department The bridge was completely destroyed, cutting any Army access.[13]
21 December 1981 Cunén's town hall building and telegraph facilities Set the buildings on fire to destroy any civil records.[14]
19 January 1982 State Power Institute facilities in Santa Cruz del Quiché Left without power all of the nearby municipalities.[12]
27 January 1982 Bridges that communicated to San Miguel Uspantán, Nebaj and Chajul in Quiché Department Completely destroyed both bridges, cutting any access to the Army.[13]

In order to counterattack the guerrilla offensive after the victory of the Sandinista Revolution in Nicaragua in 1979, general Lucas Garcia's government began an "Scorched earth" offensive of its own in the area controlled by the Ejército Guerrillero de los Pobres, -Chajul, Nebaj and Ixcán in Quiché Department-i.e., agricultural and oil-reach region of the Northern Transversal strip-; as part of this offensive, there were intense attacks on civil communities with resulted in massacres that were duly recorded in both the REHMI[15] and Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico final reports.[15][16]

The Army Base outside the city of Santa Cruz del Quiché was a major staging point for military control of the lands to the north, which were presumed under guerrilla control as they had been a hotbed for both the CUC, the campesino union, and liberation theology. Many of the Vietnam-era tactics used during the intense fighting from 1977-1984 were launched from there, including the control of the Ixil Triangle, the settlements of "model villages" outside of Nebaj and other major violence.[17]

In several cases, massacres occurred either at a special day for a community or during large scale operatives with large military force displays and aviation backup. The airplanes bombed certain zones; at least one of each nine communities suffered a bombing associated to a massacre, either in the previous or following days. The areas more heavily bombed were the Ixil triangle and Sacapulas, some parts of Baja Verapaz Department and also from Huehuetenango Department.[15] After an attack of this kind it was common that up to 40% of the surviving population left town to survive, going into the mountains, into exile in Mexico or to another community. The maya k'iche' population that looked for refuge in the mountains was labeled as "guerrilla" by the Army, which tighten military controls around them and continuous attacks that made extremely had to get food or medical attention. These people remained in the mountains for almost two years until they finally moved to Las Guacamayas, where they became isolated due to the military pressure. A lot of people died of starvation.[15]

Climate

Santa Cruz del Quiché has temperate climate (Köppen: Csb).

Climate data for Santa Cruz del Quiché
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 21.0
(69.8)		 22.3
(72.1)		 23.6
(74.5)		 24.6
(76.3)		 24.4
(75.9)		 22.8
(73)		 22.6
(72.7)		 23.2
(73.8)		 22.9
(73.2)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.1
(71.8)		 21.3
(70.3)		 22.77
(72.97)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.1
(59.2)		 15.8
(60.4)		 17.0
(62.6)		 18.2
(64.8)		 18.9
(66)		 18.2
(64.8)		 17.6
(63.7)		 17.5
(63.5)		 17.6
(63.7)		 17.2
(63)		 16.2
(61.2)		 15.3
(59.5)		 17.05
(62.7)
Average low °C (°F) 9.3
(48.7)		 9.4
(48.9)		 10.5
(50.9)		 11.9
(53.4)		 13.4
(56.1)		 13.6
(56.5)		 12.7
(54.9)		 11.9
(53.4)		 12.3
(54.1)		 12.1
(53.8)		 10.3
(50.5)		 9.3
(48.7)		 11.39
(52.49)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 1
(0.04)		 1
(0.04)		 9
(0.35)		 25
(0.98)		 72
(2.83)		 242
(9.53)		 179
(7.05)		 162
(6.38)		 186
(7.32)		 116
(4.57)		 34
(1.34)		 1
(0.04)		 1,028
(40.47)
Source: Climate-Data.org[18]

Ubicación geográfica

Santa Cruz del Quiché está completamente rodeado por municipios del departamento de El Quiché:[19]

 San Bartolomé Jocotenango San Bartolomé Jocotenango San Andrés Sajcabajá
San Pedro Jocopilas, San Antonio Ilotenango Chinique, Chiché[19]
  Santa Cruz del Quiché  
Patzité Chichicastenango[19] Chiché

See also

Notes and references

Notes

References

  1. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ http://www.mayanorthodoxy.com/map/
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Wagner & Parish 1967, pp. 86–93.
  5. ↑ Wagner & Parish 1967, pp. 94–95.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 van Oss 1986, p. 53.
  7. ↑ van Oss 1986, p. 54.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Belaubre 2001, p. 39
  9. ↑ Juarros 1818, p. 338.
  10. ↑ Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999, p. Sección 250.
  11. ↑ Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999, p. Sección 244.
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999, p. Sección 245.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Comisión para el Esclaremiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999, p. Sección 246.
  14. ↑ Comisión para el Esclarecimiento Histórico: Vol. IV 1999, p. Sección 238.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Author's interview with Col. Matta 10/1985
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

Retrieved from "https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Santa_Cruz_del_Quiché&oldid=1377714"