Serge Lang

This article is about the French-born American mathematician. For the French journalist who founded the alpine skiing World Cup, see Serge Lang (skiing).

Serge Lang
250px Serge Lang (1927–2005)
Born	(1927-05-19)May 19, 1927 Paris, France
Died	Berkeley, California
Residence	United States
Citizenship	French American
Fields	Mathematics
Institutions	University of Chicago Columbia University Yale University
Alma mater	California Institute of Technology (B.A.) Princeton University (PhD)
Doctoral advisor	Emil Artin
Doctoral students	Newcomb Greenleaf Minhyong Kim Joseph Repka David Rohrlich Stephen Schanuel
Known for	Work in number theory
Notable awards	Leroy P. Steele Prize (1999) Cole Prize (1960)

Serge Lang (French: [lɑ̃ɡ]; May 19, 1927 – September 12, 2005) was a French-born American mathematician. He is known for his work in number theory and for his mathematics textbooks, including the influential Algebra. He was a member of the Bourbaki group.

Lang was born in Paris in 1927, and moved with his family to California as a teenager, where he graduated in 1943 from Beverly Hills High School. He subsequently graduated from the California Institute of Technology in 1946, and received a doctorate from Princeton University in 1951. He held faculty positions at the University of Chicago and Columbia University (from 1955, leaving in 1971 in a dispute). At the time of his death he was professor emeritus of mathematics at Yale University.

Mathematical work

Lang studied under Emil Artin at Princeton University, writing his thesis on quasi-algebraic closure. Lang then worked on the geometric analogues of class field theory and diophantine geometry. Later he moved into diophantine approximation and transcendental number theory, proving the Schneider–Lang theorem.

A break in research while he was involved in trying to meet 1960s student activism halfway caused him (by his own description) difficulties in picking up the threads afterwards. He wrote on modular forms and modular units, the idea of a 'distribution' on a profinite group, and value distribution theory.

He made a number of conjectures in diophantine geometry: Mordell–Lang conjecture, Bombieri–Lang conjecture, Lang's integral point conjecture, Lang–Trotter conjecture, Lang conjecture on Gamma values, Lang conjecture on analytically hyperbolic varieties.

He introduced the Lang map and the Lang–Steinberg theorem (cf. Lang's theorem) in algebraic groups.

He introduced the Katz–Lang finiteness theorem.

Early Life

Serge Lang was born in Saint-Germain-en-Laye close to Paris . Serge had a twin brother who became a basketball coach and a sister who became an actress.

Books

He was a prolific writer of mathematical texts, often completing one on his summer vacation. Most are at the graduate level. He wrote calculus texts and also prepared a book on group cohomology for Bourbaki.

Lang's Algebra, a graduate-level introduction to abstract algebra, was a highly influential text that ran through numerous updated editions. His Steele prize citation stated, "Lang's Algebra changed the way graduate algebra is taught...It has affected all subsequent graduate-level algebra books." It contained ideas of his teacher, Artin; some of the most interesting passages in Algebraic Number Theory also reflect Artin's influence and ideas that might otherwise not have been published in that or any form.

Awards as expositor

Lang was noted for his eagerness for contact with students. Many of his students at Yale considered him to be one of the greatest teachers of mathematics in the world. He won a Leroy P. Steele Prize for Mathematical Exposition (1999) from the American Mathematical Society. In 1960, he won the sixth Frank Nelson Cole Prize in Algebra for his paper Unramified class field theory over function fields in several variables (Annals of Mathematics, Series 2, volume 64 (1956), pp. 285–325).

Activism

Despite being paid to teach mathematics, Lang spent much of his professional time engaged in political activism. He was a staunch socialist and active in opposition to the Vietnam War, volunteering for the 1966 anti-war campaign of Robert Scheer (the subject of his book The Scheer Campaign). Lang later quit his position at Columbia in 1971 in protest over the university's treatment of anti-war protesters.

Lang engaged in several efforts to challenge anyone he believed was spreading misinformation or misusing science or mathematics to further their own goals. He attacked the 1977 Survey of the American Professoriate, an opinion questionnaire that Seymour Martin Lipset and E. C. Ladd had sent to thousands of college professors in the United States, accusing it of containing numerous biased and loaded questions. This led to a public and highly acrimonious conflict.

In 1986, Lang mounted what the New York Times described as a "one-man challenge" against the nomination of political scientist Samuel P. Huntington to the National Academy of Sciences. Lang described Huntington's research, in particular his use of mathematical equations to demonstrate that South Africa was a “satisfied society”, as "pseudoscience", arguing that it gave "the illusion of science without any of its substance." Despite support for Huntington from the Academy's social and behavioral scientists, Lang's challenge was successful, and Huntington was twice rejected for Academy membership. Huntington's supporters argued that Lang's opposition was political rather than scientific in nature.

Lang kept his political correspondence and related documentation in extensive "files". He would send letters or publish articles, wait for responses, engage the writers in further correspondence, collect all these writings together and point out what he considered contradictions. He often mailed these files to people he considered important; some of them were also published in his books Challenges (ISBN 0-387-94861-9) and The File (ISBN 0-387-90607-X). His extensive file criticizing Nobel laureate David Baltimore was published in the journal Ethics and Behaviour in January 1993. Lang fought the decision by Yale University to hire Daniel Kevles, a historian of science, because Lang disagreed with Kevles' analysis in The Baltimore Case.

Lang's most controversial political stance was as an AIDS denialist; he maintained that the prevailing scientific consensus that HIV causes AIDS has not been backed up by reliable scientific research, yet for political and commercial reasons further research questioning the current point of view is suppressed. In public he was very outspoken about this point and a portion of Challenges is devoted to this issue.

Books

• Introduction to Algebraic Geometry (1958)
• Abelian Varieties (1959)
• Diophantine Geometry (1962)
• Introduction To Differentiable Manifolds (1962)
• A First Course in Calculus (1964), as Short Calculus (2001)
• Algebraic Numbers (1964)
• A Second Course in Calculus (1965)
• Algebra (1965) and many later editions
• Algebraic Structures (1966)
• Introduction to Diophantine Approximations (1966)
• Introduction to Transcendental Numbers (1966)
• Linear Algebra (1966)
• Rapport sur la Cohomologie des Groupes (1966) as Topics in Cohomology of Groups (1986)
• A Complete Course in Calculus (1968)
• Analysis I (1968)
• Analysis II (1969)
• Real Analysis (1969)
• Algebraic Number Theory (1970)
• Introduction To Linear Algebra (1970)
• Basic Mathematics (1971)
• Differential Manifolds (1972)
• Introduction to Algebraic and Abelian Functions (1972)
• Calculus of Several Variables (1973)
• Elliptic Functions (1973)
• SL₂(R) (1975)
• Introduction to Modular Forms (1976)
• Complex Analysis (1977)
• Cyclotomic Fields (1978)
• Elliptic Curves: Diophantine Analysis (1978)
• Modular Units (1981) with Dan Kubert
• The File: Case Study in Correction 1977–1979 (1981)
• Undergraduate Analysis (1983)
• Complex Multiplication (1983)
• Fundamentals Of Diophantine Geometry (1983)
• The Beauty of Doing Mathematics: Three Public Dialogues (1985)
• Math!: Encounters with High School Students (1985)
• Riemann-Roch Algebra (1985) with William Fulton
• Introduction To Complex Hyperbolic Spaces (1987)
• Geometry (1988)
• Introduction to Arakelov Theory (1988)
• Cyclotomic Fields II (1989)
• Undergraduate Algebra (1990)
• Real and Functional Analysis (1993)
• Differential and Riemannian Manifolds (1995)
• Basic Analysis of Regularized Series and Products (1993) with Jay Jorgenson
• Challenges (1997)
• Survey On Diophantine Geometry (1997)
• Fundamentals of Differential Geometry (1999)
• Math Talks for Undergraduates (1999)
• Problems and Solutions for Complex Analysis (1999) with Rami Shakarchi
• Collected Papers I: 1952–1970 (2000)
• Collected Papers II: 1971–1977 (2000)
• Collected Papers III: 1978–1990 (2000)
• Collected Papers IV: 1990–1996 (2000)
• Spherical Inversion on SL_n(R) (2001) with Jay Jorgenson
• Pos_n(R) and Eisenstein Series (2005) with Jay Jorgenson
• The Heat Kernel and Theta Inversion on SL₂(C) (2008) with Jay Jorgenson
• Heat Eisenstein series on SL_n(C) (2009) with Jay Jorgenson

References

• Steele Prize citation and Lang's acceptance (AMS Notices 1999)

External links

• Serge Lang at the Mathematics Genealogy Project
• Obituary from the New York Times
• Lang's obituary article in the Yale Daily News