Shalwar kameez

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For the Punjabi suit, see Salwar. For the Homeland episode, see Shalwar Kameez (Homeland).

Shalwar kameez, also spelled salwar kameez or shalwar qameez, is a traditional outfit originating in South Asia. It is a generic term used to describe different styles of dress.[1][2] The shalwar kameez can be worn by both men and women, but styles differ by gender. The shalwar (pantaloons/drawers) and the kameez (body shirt)[3] are two garments[4] combined to form the shalwar kameez.[5]

Etymology and history

Shalwar

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Main article: Sirwal

The shalwar (Persian: شلوار‎‎), (Urdu: شلوار‎); šalvār (Turkish: şalvar), (Punjabi: ਸਲਵਾਰ also pronounced salwar); sirwāl (Arabic: سروال‎‎); salwar (Bengali সালোয়ার); selwar (Sylheti); shalvaar (Gujarati શલવાર), (Hindi शलवार) are a form of baggy trousers.

  • Salwar pajama pants worn.jpg

    Shalwar (with Kabuli sandals).

  • Shalwar

Transliterations starting from Urdu, Lahnda, Persian, Pashto, Turkish languages use "sh". Salwar is the spelling most commonly used in India. Transliterations starting from Punjabi often render the sibilant sound at the start of salwar/shalwar as an "s". Both spellings are found in common English usage. The shalwar spelling seems to be most common in Canada and the United Kingdom, and is the preferred spelling in the Oxford English Dictionary.

Kameez

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Main article: Qamis

The kameez or qamis is a shirt of varying length. Garments cut like the kameez are known in many cultures. According to Dorothy Burnham, of the Royal Ontario Museum, the "seamless shirt," woven in one piece on warp-weighted looms, was superseded in early Roman times by cloth woven on vertical looms and carefully pieced so as not to waste any cloth. 10th century cotton shirts recovered from the Egyptian desert are cut much like the kameez or the contemporary Egyptian Djellaba or Jellabiya.[6] The word kameez is originally an Arabic word and is therefore also spelt with a Q, as in Qameez or Qamis.

  • Shalwar kameez, from Max Tilke's Oriental Costume, 1922

  • Children in Shalwar kameez

  • Men dressed in Shalwar kameez on the road to Kalash valleys, Chitral, Pakistan.

  • Schoolgirls in Shalwar Kameez, Abbotabad Pakistan.

Description

The shalwar are loose pajama-like trousers. The legs are wide at the top, and narrow at the ankle. The kameez is a long shirt or tunic, often seen with a Western-style collar; however, for female apparel, the term is now loosely applied to collarless or mandarin-collared kurtas. The kameez might be worn with pajamas as well, either for fashion or comfort. Some kameez styles have side seams (known as the chaak), left open below the waist-line, giving the wearer greater freedom of movement.[7]

Styles

The kameez can be sewn straight and flat, in an "A" shape design[8] or flowing like a dress: there are a variety of styles. Modern kameez styles are more likely to have European-inspired set-in sleeves. If the tailor's taste or skill are displayed, it will be seen in the shape of the neckline and the decoration of the kameez. The kameez may be cut with a deep neckline, sewn in diaphanous fabrics, or styled in cap-sleeve or sleeveless designs.

There are many styles of shalwar: the Peshawari shalwar, Balochi shalwar, Sindhi choreno and the Punjabi shalwar.

Although various regions of South Asia wear the outfit in its various forms, the outfit was originally popular on a wide scale in Afghanistan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan[9] and the Punjab region of Pakistan and India[10][11][12] However, the shalwar kameez has now become popular across South Asia.[13]

Different forms of Shalwar kameez

The following are some of the styles of shalwar kameez.

Anarkali suit

The shalwar kameez known as the Anarkali suit is named after the court dancer from Lahore.[14] The Anarkali suit is a timeless style which has become very popular. The Anarkali suit is made up of a long, frock-style top and features a slim fitted bottom. This style of suit links South Asia with the women's Firaq partug (frock and shalwar) of northwestern Pakistan and Afghanistan and to the traditional women's Central Asian clothing of parts of Central Asia.[15] It also links to the Punjab region where the Anarkali suit is similar to the anga[16][17] and the Peshwaz worn in Jammu.[18]

Afghanistan suits

The styles of shalwar kameez worn in Afghanistan include the Khet partug,[19] Perahan tunban and Firaq partug.[20]

Pashtun suits

As a chiefly rural and nomadic population, the Pashtun dress is typically made from light linens, and are loose fitting for ease of movement. The Pashtun dress includes local forms of the shalwar kameez, which are differently made for males and females. The traditional male dress includes the Khet partug and Perahan wa tunban. Males usually wear kufi, Peshawari cap, turban, sindhi cap or pakul as traditional headgear. The traditional female dress is the Firaq partūg. Women typically wear solid-coloured trousers, a long kamīs shirt with a belt. Sometimes they will wear an encompassing burqa over this outfit or a tsādar on their head.[21]

Peshawari shalwar suit

The traditional dress of Peshawar and other parts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan is the khalqa (gown) which opens at the front[22] or shirt which does not open at the front,[23] and the Peshawari shalwar which is very loose down to the ankles.[24] The Peshawari shalwar can be used with a number of upper garments and is part of the clothing of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Balochi suits

Men's Balochi suit

The clothing of Balochistan, Pakistan includes the shalwar kameez which when worn by males consists of a very baggy shalwar[25] using large lengths of cloth.[26] The kameez is also loose,[27] which traditionally is long with long sleeves[28] The Balochi shalwar kameez is similar to the styles worn in Afghanistan. The present Balochi shalwar kameez replaced the earlier version which consisted of a robe to the ankles and a shalwar using cloth of up to 40 yards.

  • Balochi male shalwar kameez.Quetta.1867

  • Traditional Balochi suits

  • Tribal Elders, April 1896

Women's Balochi Suit

The female Balochi suit consists of the head scarf, long dress and a shalwar.

  • Balochi traditional dress

  • Baluchi dress

  • Balochi embroidery

  • Traditional Balochi dresses

Phiran, poots and shalwar

In Kashmir, the outfit consists of the Phiran, poots and shalwar.[29]

  • Left and right: Phiran Shalwar; centre: Punjabi suits

  • Kashmiri phiran

  • A man from Srinagar wearing Phiran

  • Kashmiri women in traditional long Phiran 1870

  • Kashmiri Pandits in Phiran and pajama

  • Men in Kashmiri Phiran and Poots 1875

Punjabi suits

The traditional shalwar kameez worn in the Punjab region is cut differently to the styles worn in Balochistan and Afghanistan and is known as a "Punjabi suit"[30][31] with the kameez being cut straight and flat with side slits[32] (which is a local development as earlier forms of kameez did not have side slits).[33] The shalwar is wide at the top but fits closely to the legs and is gathered at the ankles.[34] The Punjabi shalwar is also cut straight and gathered at the ankles with a loose band reinforced with coarse material. In rural Punjab, the shalwar is still called the suthan which is a different garment that was popular in previous centuries,[35] alongside the churidar and kameez combination (which is still popular).[36] In Britain,[37][38] South Asian women from the Punjab region have brought the dress to the mainstream, and even high-fashion,[39] appeal.[40] The Punjabi suit is popular in other regions of South Asia,[41][42][43] such as Mumbai and Sindh.[44] Punjabi suits are also popular among young women in Bangladesh[45] and are especially popular amongst school girls in India.[46] The outfit is also popular in Afghanistan,[47] where it is called the Punjabi.[48]

  • Punjabi Shalwar kameez

  • Women in Punjabi suits

  • Miss Pooja of the Punjab region in a Punjabi suit

  • Men's Punjabi Shalwaar qamiz

  • Girls Arriving at School, Jammu, ca.1875-ca.1940

  • Women in ornate shalwars

  • Saraiki Tehreek

  • Rohi (Cholistan) woman's bandhani dress (Punjab, Pakistan)

  • 1st Punjabi Wikipedia Workshop: women in Punjabi suits

Patiala salwar

The modern Punjabi shalwar kameez is the Patiala salwar which has many folds and originates in the city of Patiala.

  • School girls wearing Patiala salwar suit

Pothohari suit

Another style of the Punjabi suit is the use of the shalwar which hails from the Pothohar region of Punjab, Pakistan and is known as the Pothohari shalwar.[36] The Pothohari shalwar retains the wideness of the older Punjabi suthan and also has some folds. The kameez is also wide. The head scarf is traditionally large,[49] similar to the chador or Phulkari that was used throughout the plains of the Punjab region.[36]

Saraiki shalwar suits

Saraiki shalwar suits are Punjabi outfits which include the Bahawalpuri shalwar suit and the Multani shalwar suit.

Bahawalpuri shalwar suit

The Bahawalpuri shalwar[50] originates from the Bahawalpur region of Punjab, Pakistan. The Bahawalpuri shalwar is very wide and baggy[51] with many voluminous folds.[52] The material traditionally used for the Bahawalpuri shalwar and suthan is known as Sufi which is a mixture of cotton warp mixed with silk weft and gold threads running down the material.[53] The other name for these types of mixed cloth is shuja khani.[54] The Bahawalpuri shalwar is worn with the Bahawalpur style kameez, the Punjabi kurta or chola.[55]

  • Nawab Muhammad Of Bahawalpur (1868-1900) wearing a loose Bahawalpuri shalwar

  • Prince Suba Sadiq Abbasi, Bahawalpur

  • Bahawalpur kameez

  • Nawab Sadiq Khan Fifth (died 1966)[56] in the Bahawalpuri shalwar

Multani shalwar suit

The Multani shalwar, also known as the 'ghaire wali' or 'Saraiki ghaire wali' shalwar as it is very wide around the waist, originates from the Multan area of the Punjab region. The style is similar to the Sindhi kancha shalwar as both are derivatives of the pantaloon shalwar worn in Iraq[57] and adopted in these locations during the 7th century A.D.[58][59][60] The Multani shalwar is very wide, baggy,[61] full and has folds like the Punjabi suthan.[62] The upper garments include the Punjabi kameez and the chola of the Punjab region.[63]

  • Saraiki fashion

  • Multani/Saraiki shalwar

  • Cholistani Saraiki chola

Suthan and Kurta Suit

An older variety of shalwar kameez of the Punjab region is the Punjabi suthan[64] and kurta suit. The Punjabi suthan is a local variation of the ancient svasthana tight fitting trousers which have been used in the Punjab region since the ancient period[65][66] and was worn with the tunic called varbana[67] which was tight fitting.

The Punjabi suthan is arranged in plaits and uses large amounts of material (traditionally coloured cotton with vertical silk lines, called sussi)[68] of up to 20 yards hanging in innumerable folds.[69] The suthan ends at the ankles with a tight band[70][71] which distinguishes the suthan from a shalwar.[36] The modern equivalent of the loose Punjabi suthan are the cowl pants and dhoti shalwars which have many folds.

Some versions of the Punjabi suthan tighten from the knees down to the ankles (a remnant of the svasthana). If a tight band is not used, the ends of the suthan fit closely around the ankles. The Jodhpuri breeches devised during the 1870s by Sir Pratap Singh of Jodhpur[72] offer a striking slim line resemblance to the centuries-old tight Punjabi suthan, albeit the churidar is cited as its source.[73][74] The tight pantaloon style suthan was popular with the Indian Cavalry during the 19th and early 20th centuries which would be dyed in Multani mutti or mitti (clay/Fuller's earth) giving the garment a yellow colour.[75]

The kurta is a remnant of the 11th century A.D. female kurtaka which was a shirt extending to the middle of the body and had side slits[76] worn in parts of north India[77] which has remained a traditional garment for women in Punjab,[78] albeit longer than the kurtaka. The suthan was traditionally worn with a long kurta but can also be worn with a short kurti or frocks. Modern versions of the kurta can be knee length. The head scarf is also traditionally long but again, modern versions are shorter.

  • 19th Century Punjabi suthan suit worn by the lady on the right

  • Women in Punjabi suthan 1890

  • Woman on left in loose Punjabi suthan suit

  • Punjabi woman in Punjabi suthan and short kurta 1874

  • Ancient svasthana and varbana outfit worn during Gupta Empire, the basis of the Punjabi suthan suit

  • Men in tight Punjabi suthan 1893

  • The Nawab Muhammad Bahawal Khan Abbasi V Bahadur (1883–1907) of Bahawalpur State in suthan

  • Bertrand Blanchard Acosta in jodhpurs and goggles

Dogri kurta and suthan

The outfit in Jammu is the Dogri kurta and suthan.[79] When the tight part of the suthan, up to the knees, has multiple close fitting folds, the suthan is referred to as Dogri pants[80] or suthan, in Jammu and churidar suthan in the Punjab region[81] and Himachal Pradesh.

  • Men and boys wearing a knee length variation of the Punjabi ghuttana[82] and Dogri kurta. The full suthan is tight from the knees to the ankles, associated with Punjab region.

  • Punjab Hills 1895. Kulu woman in churidar suthan. Himachal Pradesh.

Sindhi suits

Sindhi kancha shalwar suit

The traditional Sindhi shalwar,[83] also called kancha,[84] are wide pantaloons[85] which are wide down the legs and are also wide at the ankles.[84] The Sindhi shalwar is plaited at the waist.[86] The kancha shalwar is traditionally worn with either the Sindhi cholo (blouse) by women, or a knee length robe which flairs out, by men.

  • Man in Sindhi traditional Kancha shalwar.

  • Girl from Karachi, Sindh, in a shalwar and blouse. c. 1870. Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library

  • Man in Sindhi long angerkho(1845)

  • Muslim girl sind1870.jpg

    Woman, in Sind, British India, in Sindhi slim kancha shalwar

Sindhi suthan suits

The other styles of shalwar kameez are female Sindhi Suthan and cholo and male Sindhi Suthan and angelo.[87]

  • Sindhi girl from Karachi, Sind, in Sindhi cholo and narrow suthan. c. 1870

Related South Asian outfits

Gujarati kediyu and chorno suit

The men in the rural coastal parts of western Gujarat, including Junagadh district, wear the kediyu and chorno outfit.[88] The kediyu is a long sleeved upper garment, pleated at the chest and reaches to the waist.[89][90] The prints on the kediyu include bandhani designs which are local to Gujarat and Rajasthan.[91] The chorno, also called kafni, refers to the pantaloons which are wide[85] and tied loosely at the ankles and is based on the styles worn in Iraq which were introduced to the coastal region during the 7th century[92] by traders.[93] The chorno/surwal can also be worn with a jama.

  • India (Gujarat), man's kediyu suruwal- Bunka Gakuen Costume Museum - DSC05310

  • Man on the left in jama and chorno (jama/suruwal)

  • Gujarati men in kediyu

  • Bandhani prints

  • Bandhani print open

Nepali daura suruwal suit

In Nepal, the traditional Newari male dress which is also the national dress is the Nepali shirt called daura[94] and suruwal (Nepali: दौरा सुरूवाल)[10] or Daura-Suruwal suit. The upper garment is the long Nepali shirt which is similar to the Guajarati kediyu but does not have the pleats going across the chest, but has cross tied flaps.[95] The daura is a modification of the upper garments worn in Rajasthan.[96]

The Nepali suruwa/suruwal is a combination of the churidar[97][98] and the lower garment worn in the coastal regions of Gujarat, especially Saurashtra and Kutch where the garment is also called suruwal[10] (and chorno/kafni). It is tight along the legs but wide at the hips.[99] However, the suruwa fits comfortably around the legs so that it can be tapered tightly around the ankles.[100]

  • Daura Suruwal by Mahalaxmi Silwal Nepal's national male dress.

  • Photo by Mahalaxmi silwal. Man in short daura

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Dialogue Today, Volume 6, Issues 3-4 (1992)
  2. ↑ Ross Howard (2014) Kafiristan
  3. ↑ Balfour-Paul, Jenny (2012) Indigo in the Arab World
  4. ↑ Jordan, Jeannine (2010) On the Heels of an Organist
  5. ↑ Mumford, Gwilym (26.10.2014) The Guardian:Homeland recap: season four, episode three – Shalwar Kameez [1]
  6. ↑ Burnham, Dorothy. 1973. Cut My Cote, Royal Ontario Museum. p. 10.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Padmavati, B(2009) Techniques Of Drafting And Pattern MakingGarments For Kids And Adolescents [2]
  9. ↑ Jānmahmad (1982) The Baloch cultural heritage
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Condra, Jill (2013) Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World [3] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "autogenerated5" defined multiple times with different content
  11. ↑ Social Science a Textbook in History for Class IX as per New Syllabus
  12. ↑ Sumath, G.J (2007) Elements of Fashion and Apparel Design
  13. ↑ Rutnagur, Sorabji. M (1996) The Indian Textile Journal, Volume 106, Issues 9-12 [4]
  14. ↑ Condra, Jill (2013) Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World [5]
  15. ↑ Condra, Jill (2013) Encyclopedia of National Dress: Traditional Clothing Around the World [6]
  16. ↑ B. N. Goswamy, Kalyan Krishna, Tarla P. Dundh (1993) Indian Costumes in the Collection of the Calico Museum of Textiles, Volume 5 [7]
  17. ↑ Punjab District Gazetteers - District Attock Year Published 1930 BK-000211-0160 [8]
  18. ↑ Kumar, Raj (2006) Paintings and Lifestyles of Jammu Region: From 17th to 19th Century A.D.[9]
  19. ↑ R. T. I. (Richard Thomas Incledon) Ridgway (1997) Pashtoons: History, Culture & Traditions [10]
  20. ↑ CultureGrams, Volume 1 (2004)
  21. ↑ http://www.everyculture.com/wc/Afghanistan-to-Bosnia-Herzegovina/Pashtun.html
  22. ↑ North-West Frontier Province (Pakistan). Information Dept Yearbook(1955) [11]
  23. ↑ Journal of the University of Peshawar, Issues 1-9 (1952)
  24. ↑ Captain Hastings, E. G. G. (1878) Report of the regular settlement of the peshawar district of the punjab [12]
  25. ↑ Postans, Thomas (1843) Personal Observations on Sindh: The Manners and Customs of Its Inhabitants; and Its Productive Capabilities [13]
  26. ↑ Baloch Culture.Net
  27. ↑ Nadiem, Ihsan. H. [(2007) Balochistan: land, history, people [14]
  28. ↑ DostPakistan.pk [15] but now can also be knee length.
  29. ↑ S. And Sahgal, Malik Gettingahead In Social Studies:, Book 3
  30. ↑ Tannaaz Irani (2014) The Armchair Critic: Chafes and Chuckles
  31. ↑ Marwaha, Pritpal (2012) Shakahaari: The Vegetarian Gourmet Fine, Authentic Indian Vegetarian Cuisine [16]
  32. ↑ Cooke, David Coxe (1967) Dera, a village in India
  33. ↑ Mohsen Saeidi Madani (1993)Impact Of Hindu Culture On Muslims
  34. ↑ Kumar, Raj (2006) Paintings and Lifestyles of Jammu Region: From 17th to 19th Century A.D [17]
  35. ↑ Panjab University Research Bulletin: Arts, Volume 13, Issue 1 - Volume 14, Issue (1982) [18]
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Mohinder Singh Randhawa. (1960) Punjab: Itihas, Kala, Sahit, te Sabiachar aad.Bhasha Vibhag, Punjab, Patiala.
  37. ↑ Breidenbach, Pál & Zcaronupanov 2004 Quote: "And in Bubby Mahil’s fashion store in London, white socialites and young British Asians shop for the Punjabi suits".
  38. ↑ Walton-Roberts & Pratt 2005. Quote: "Meena owns a successful textile design and fashion business in the Punjab, designing and selling high-end salwar kameez (Punjabi suits) ..."[context?]
  39. ↑ Sheikh, Ibriz (27.05.2015) 'Dress over pants': Rest of the world finally catches on to Shalwar kameez trend [19]
  40. ↑ Bachu 2004
  41. ↑ Sorabji M. Rutnagur (1996) The Indian Textile Journal, Volume 106, Issues 9-12 [20]
  42. ↑ McGilvray, Dennis B. (2008)Crucible of Conflict: Tamil and Muslim Society on the East Coast of Sri Lanka [21]
  43. ↑ Saikia, Yasmin (2011) Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh: Remembering 1971 [22]
  44. ↑ Bakshi, SHri Ram (1992) Struggle for Independence: Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit [23]
  45. ↑ Alex Newton, Betsy Wagenhauser, Jon Murray (1996) Bangladesh: A Lonely Planet Travel Survival Kit [24]
  46. ↑ Madhya Pradesh district gazetteers, Volume 1 1965
  47. ↑ Culture and Customs of Afghanistan By Hafizullah Emadi
  48. ↑ Afghanistan Culture
  49. ↑ Culture and Traditions of Kashmir
  50. ↑ The Pakistan gazetteer, Volume 5 (2000)
  51. ↑ Current Opinion, Volume 25 (1899)
  52. ↑ Katherine Prior, John Admson (2001) Maharajas' Jewels
  53. ↑ Extracts from the District & States Gazetteers of the Punjab, Pakistan, Volume 2 (1976) [25]
  54. ↑ The Pakistan gazetteer, Volume 3 (2000)
  55. ↑ 1998 District Census Report of [name of District].: Lodhran (1999) [26]
  56. ↑ The All-Pakistan Legal Decisions, Volume 36, Part 1 1984
  57. ↑ Islamic Culture: The Hyderabad Quarterly Review, Volumes 41-43 (1979)
  58. ↑ Kumar, Raj (2008) Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern [27]
  59. ↑ [28] Sawindara Siṅgha Uppala (1966) Panjabi short story: its origin and development
  60. ↑ Chandra, Moti (1973) Costumes, Textiles, Cosmetics & Coiffure in Ancient and Mediaeval India [29]
  61. ↑ Chaudhry, Nazir Ahmad (2002) Multan Glimpses: With an Account of Siege and Surrender [30]
  62. ↑ Glossary of the Multani Language, Or, Southwestern Panjabi (1903)
  63. ↑ O'Brien, Edward (1881) Glossary of the Multani Language Compared with Punjábi and Sindhi [31]
  64. ↑ Haryana District Gazetteers: Sirsa (1988)
  65. ↑ Aniruddha Ray, Kuzhippalli Skaria Mathew (2002) Studies in history of the Deccan: medieval and modern : Professor A.R. Kulkarni felicitation volume [32]
  66. ↑ A. V. Narasimha Murthy, K. V. Ramesh (1987) Giridharaśrī: essays on Indology : Dr. G.S. Dikshit felicitation volume [33]
  67. ↑ J. J. Bhabha (1969) Mārg̲, Volume 23 Marg Publications (1969)
  68. ↑ Punjab District Gazetteer: Reprint of Ludhiana District and Malerkotla State Gazetteer, 1904 [34]
  69. ↑ Punjab District Gazetteers (1932)Punjab District Gazetteers (1932)
  70. ↑ Punjab revenue dept.(1876) Land revenue settlement reports
  71. ↑ Census of India, 1961, Volume 20, Part 6, Issue 9. Himachal Pradesh
  72. ↑ Singh, Jaisal (2007) Polo in India
  73. ↑ Biswas, Arabinda (1985) Indian Costumes
  74. ↑ Country Life, Volume 195, Issues 31-35 (2001)
  75. ↑ Carman, W. Y. (1961) Indian Army Uniforms Under the British: From the 18th Century to 1947 [35]
  76. ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1966) Indian Costume
  77. ↑ Yadava,Ganga Prasad (1982) Dhanapāla and His Times: A Socio-cultural Study Based Upon His Works [36]
  78. ↑ Sharma, Brij Narain (1966) Social life in Northern India, A.D. 600-1000 [37]
  79. ↑ D. N. Saraf (1987) Arts and Crafts, Jammu and Kashmir: Land, People, Culture [38]
  80. ↑ Banerjee, Sanhati. The Rockstar Dhoti (15.01.2012)
  81. ↑ Baden Henry Baden-Powell (1872) Hand-book of the Manufactures & Arts of the Punjab: With a Combined Glossary & Index of Vernacular Trades & Technical Terms ... Forming Vol. Ii to the "Hand-book of the Economic Products of the Punjab" Prepared Under the Orders of Government [39]
  82. ↑ Kumar, Ritu (2006) Costumes and textiles of royal India
  83. ↑ Mumtaz Husain Pathan (1974) Arab kingdom of al-Mansurah in Sind
  84. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Burton, Richard (1996) Sindh and the Races that Inhabit the Valley of the Indus: With Notices of the Topography and History of [the] Province [40]
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Encyclopaedia of Untouchables Ancient, Medieval and Modern, Raj Kumar (2008)
  86. ↑ Reginald Edward Enthoven, Stephen Meredyth Edwardes (1909) Provincial series: Bombay presidency ... [41]
  87. ↑ 1998 provincial census report of Sindh
  88. ↑ Gujarat State Gazetteers: Junagadh District (1975)
  89. ↑ Bhagwan Swaminarayan (2006) Vachanamrut
  90. ↑ Simran Ahuja (2014) Nine Nights: Navratri
  91. ↑ Murphy, Veronica and Crill, Rosemary (1991) Tie-dyed Textiles of India: Tradition and Trad [42]
  92. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  93. ↑ Satish Saberwal, Mushirul Hasan (2006) Assertive Religious Identities: India and Europe [43]
  94. ↑ Blindloss, Joseph (2010) Nepal 8
  95. ↑ Croos, J.P (1996) The call of Nepal: a personal Nepalese odyssey in a different dimension [44]
  96. ↑ Tulasī Rāma Vaidya, Triratna Mānandhara, Shankar Lal Joshi (1993) Social history of Nepal [45]
  97. ↑ The Muslim World League Journal, Volume 31 (2003)
  98. ↑ Acharya, Madhu Raman (2002) Nepal culture shift!: reinventing culture in the Himalayan kingdom [46]
  99. ↑ West Bengal District Gazetteers: Darjiling, by Amiya Kumar Banerji ... [et al (1980) [47]
  100. ↑ Tetley, Brian (1991) The insider's guide to Nepal

References

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External links

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