Shixing language
From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core
| Shixing | |
|---|---|
| Native to | China |
|
Native speakers
|
1,800 (2000)[1] |
|
Sino-Tibetan
|
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | sxg |
| Glottolog | shix1238[2] |
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Shixing or Xumi is a poorly attested Qiangic language of Sichuan and Tibet. Two thirds of speakers are monolingual.
Shixing is also known as Xùmǐ 旭米, and is spoken by about 1,800 people living by the Shuiluo 水洛 river in Shuiluo Township 水洛乡, Muli County, Sichuan, China.[3]
Katia Chirkova reports two Xumi varieties.[4]
- Upper Xumi (autonym: ʂuhĩ)
- Lower Xumi (autonym: ʃʉhẽ)
Contents
Phonology
Consonants
Xumi features a very unusual phonemic contrast between voiceless /ʎ̥/ and voiced /ʎ/ alveolo-palatal lateral approximants.[5][6]
Nasals
- Both Upper and Lower Xumi have the following nasals: bilabial /m̥, m/, alveolar /n̥, n/, alveolo-palatal /ɲ/ and velar /ŋ/.[7][8] In addition to that, Lower Xumi also features voiceless alveolo-palatal /ɲ̊/ and velar /ŋ̊/ nasals.[8]
Plosives
- Both Upper and Lower Xumi have the following plosives: bilabial /p, pʰ, b/, alveolar /t, tʰ, d/, velar /k, kʰ, ɡ/ and uvular /q, qʰ/.[7][8] In addition to that, Lower Xumi also features a voiced uvular plosive /ɢ/.[8]
Affricates
- Both Upper and Lower Xumi have the following affricates: alveolar /ts, tsʰ, dz/, retroflex /tʂ, tʂʰ, dʐ/ and alveolo-palatal /tɕ, tɕʰ, dʑ/.[7][8] In addition to that, Lower Xumi also features postalveolar /tʃ, tʃʰ, dʒ/.[8]
Fricatives
- Upper Xumi has the following fricatives: alveolar /s, z/, retroflex /ʂ, ʐ/, alveolo-palatal /ɕ/, velar /x/, uvular /χ, ʁ/ and glottal /h, ɦ/.[7]
- Lower Xumi has the following fricatives: alveolar /s, z/, postalveolar /ʃ, ʒ/, alveolo-palatal /ɕ, ʑ/, velar /x, ɣ/, uvular /ʁ/ and glottal /h, ɦ/.[8]
Approximants
- Both Upper and Lower Xumi have the following central approximants: alveolar /ɹ/, alveolo-palatal /j/ and labialized velar /w/.[7][8]
- Both Upper and Lower Xumi have the following lateral approximants: alveolar /l̥, l/ and alveolo-palatal /ʎ̥, ʎ/.[7][8]
Vowels
Oral
- Upper Xumi has the following oral vowels: /i, ʉ, u, e, o, ɛ, ɜ, ɔ, ɐ/.[9]
- Lower Xumi has the following oral vowels: /i, ʉ, u, e, o, ɛ, ɐ, ɑ/.[10] /o, ɐ, ɑ/ generally correspond to Upper Xumi /u, ɜ, ɔ/, respectively.[11]
Nasal
- Upper Xumi has the following nasal vowels: /ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃, ɐ̃/, as well as the marginal /ɘ̃/, which occurs only in the word [LPmɘ̃dɐ] 'on the roof / upstairs'.[9]
- Lower Xumi has the following nasal vowels: /ĩ, õ, ɛ̃, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/, as well as the marginal /ə̃/, which occurs only in the word [LPmə̃dɐ Rʁo] 'on the roof / upstairs'.[10] /ẽ, õ, ɐ̃, ɑ̃/ generally correspond to Upper Xumi /ĩ, ũ, ɛ̃, ɔ̃/, respectively.[11]
References
- ↑ Shixing at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015)
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 363.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 364.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 365, 367–368.
- ↑ Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 382–383.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 382.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 8.8 Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 365.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), pp. 388–389.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Chirkova & Chen (2013), pp. 369–370.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Chirkova, Chen & Kocjančič Antolík (2013), p. 389.
- ↑ Chirkova & Chen (2013), p. 369.
Bibliography
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