Siphonophorae

Not to be confused with Siphonophorida.

Siphonophores
Portuguese Man o' War, Physalia physalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Cnidaria
Class:	Hydrozoa
Subclass:	Leptolinae
Order:	Siphonophorae Eschscholtz, 1829
Synonyms
Siphonophora Eschscholtz, 1829

The pelagic siphonophore Marrus orthocanna

Apolemia uvaria

The Siphonophorae or Siphonophora, the siphonophores, are an order of the Hydrozoa, a class of marine animals belonging to the phylum Cnidaria. Although a siphonophore appears to be a single organism, each specimen is actually a colony composed of many individual animals. Most colonies are long, thin, transparent pelagic floaters. Some siphonophores superficially resemble jellyfish, one example being the Portuguese man o' war (Physalia physalis).

Another species of siphonophore, Praya dubia, is one of the longest animals in the world, with a body length of 40–50 m (130–160 ft). The term originates from the Greek siphōn "tube" + pherein "to bear".

Description

Siphonophores are of special scientific interest because they are composed of medusoid and polypoid zooids that are morphologically and functionally specialized. Each zooid is an individual module, but their integration with each other is so strong that the colony attains the function of a large organism. Indeed, most of the zooids are so specialized, they lack the ability to survive on their own. This is somewhat analogous to the construction and function of multicellular organisms; because multicellular organisms have organs which, like zooids, are specialized and interdependent, siphonophores may provide clues regarding the evolution of more complex bodies.

Like other hydrozoans, certain siphonophores can emit light. A siphonophore of the genus Erenna has been discovered at a depth of around 1,600 m (5,200 ft) off the coast of Monterey, California. The individuals from these colonies are strung together like a feather boa. They prey on small animals using stinging cells. Among the stinging cells are stalks with red glowing ends. The tips twitch back and forth, creating a twinkling effect. Twinkling red lights are thought to attract the small fish eaten by these siphonophores.

While many sea animals produce blue and green bioluminescence, this siphonophore was only the second lifeform found to produce a red light (the first being the scaleless dragonfish Chirostomias pliopterus).

Systematics

Due to their highly specialized colonies, siphonophores have long misled scientists. They were for a long time believed to be a highly distinct group, but now are known to have evolved from simpler colonial hydrozoans similar to Anthomedusae or Leptomedusae. Consequently, they are now united with these in a subclass Leptolinae.

The Siphonophorae have long fascinated scientists due to their dramatic appearance, as well as the large size and dangerous sting of several species. Compared to their relatives, their systematics are relatively straightforward:

Suborder Calycophorae

• Family Abylidae
• Family Clausophyidae
• Family Diphyidae
• Family Hippopodiidae
• Family Prayidae
• Family Sphaeronectidae

Suborder Cystonectae

• Family Physaliidae
• Family Rhizophysidae

Suborder Physonectae

• Family Agalmatidae
• Family Apolemiidae
• Family Athorybiidae
• Family Erennidae
• Family Forskaliidae
• Family Physophoridae
• Family Pyrostephidae
• Family Rhodaliidae

The genus Stepanyantsia is of unclear affiliations; it might belong in the Agalmatidae.

Haeckel's siphonophores

Video taken at a depth of 612 metres of the siphonophore
Nanomia bijuga

Ernst Haeckel described a number of siphonophores, and several plates from his Kunstformen der Natur (1904) depict members of the taxon:

• 

  Plate 7

• 

  Plate 37

• 

  Plate 59

• 

  Plate 77

Further reading

• PinkTentacle.com (2008): Siphonophore: Deep-sea superorganism (video). Retrieved 2009-MAY-23.