Stowaway
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
A stowaway is a person who secretly boards a vehicle, such as an aircraft, bus, ship, cargo truck or train, to travel without paying and without being detected.
Contents
Air travel
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Poor perimeter security at a number of airports around the world can make it easier for people to stow away on planes.[1]
Stowaways in aircraft wheel wells face numerous health risks, many of which are fatal: being mangled when the undercarriage retracts, tinnitus, deafness, hypothermia, hypoxia, frostbite, acidosis and finally falling when the doors of the compartment reopen.[2] The landing gear compartment is not equipped with heating, pressure or oxygen, which are vital for survival at a high altitude.[2] According to experts, at 18,000 feet (5,500 m), hypoxia causes lightheadedness, weakness, vision impairment and tremors. By 22,000 feet (6,700 m) the oxygen level of the blood drops and the person will struggle to stay conscious.[2] Above 33,000 feet (10,000 m) their lungs would need artificial pressure to operate normally.[2] The temperature could drop as low as −63 °C (−81 °F) which causes severe hypothermia.[2] Those stowaways who managed to not be crushed by the retracting undercarriage or killed by the deadly conditions would most likely be unconscious when the compartment door re-opens during the approach and fall several thousand feet to their deaths.[2]
David Learmount, an aviation expert of Flight International, told BBC about a lot of ignorance in this area. He suggested that no one would be willing to risk such journey, having full understanding of this kind of ordeal.[2] Stowaways who survived usually traveled relatively short distances or at a low altitude.[2] Two cases are known of people who survived at an altitude of about 38,000 feet (12,000 m) – a man on an 8-hour flight, whose body core temperature fell to 79 °F (26 °C),[3] and a 16-year-old boy who was unharmed by a 5.5 hour flight, despite losing consciousness.[4] Almost all aircraft stowaways are male.[2]
In one reported case, in 2003, a young man mailed himself in a large box and had it shipped on UPS planes from New York City to Texas. He survived because the box travelled in a pressurized hold of an aircraft.[5]
From 1947 until September 2012, there were 96 known stowaway attempts worldwide in wheel wells of 85 separate flights, which resulted in 73 deaths with only 23 survivors.[2]
Security
Stowaways may risk being fined or imprisoned, since it is illegal in most jurisdictions to embark on aircraft, boats or trains as stowaways. Airports, sea ports and train stations are typically marked as "no trespassing" or "private property" zones to anyone but customers and employees. Seaports, train stations, and airports often attempt further security by designating restricted areas with signs saying "authorized personnel Only".
Since the September 11 attacks, it has become more difficult to be a stowaway on board transportation arriving to or departing from the United States. Airport security has dramatically increased, and among the new security measures is watching over the fences from which stowaways usually gain entrance to an airport's runway.
Rail transportation
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Sea travel
Origin
The word takes its origin with the expression stow away.
This stow away expression is old and was used for things (such as food), such usage is seen for instance in the 1699 book A New Voyage Round the World, Volume 1 or 1647 Journals of the House of Lords, Volume 10.
The word was also used (later) for people. This gave names such as stow-aways, when the correct current name in modern English language is stowaway.
Depending on the circumstances people were stowed way in order to hide themselves, or to be transported as slaves.
The concept of people hiding is not so recent; it was yet forbidden (and so known) in 1748 by king of Spain, under the polizón denomination.
In United States
The US legislation set up a stowaway concept in 1850. Previously, entry on the territory was free.[6] and the stowaway word might be older.
In 1891, the new US legislation requires the boat to pay the return travel for people not admitted in US, even if stowaway were still admitted.[6]
474 aliens stowaways arrived in US in fiscal year 1910,[6] and 528, next year.
In 1917, a new legislation defines a list of excludable aliens including stowaways.[6]
Several stowaways arrived in United States by boat during the first half of twentieth century; they were paying for 25 to 30 dollars to travel.[7]
Some stowaways were famous such as Hugh Todd.[8]
From 1965
The Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, 1965, as amended, (The FAL Convention), define stowaway as "A person who is secreted on a ship, or in cargo which is subsequently loaded on the ship, without the consent of the shipowner or the master or any other responsible person and who is detected on board the ship after it has departed from a port, or in the cargo while unloading it in the port of arrival, and is reported as a stowaway by the master to the appropriate authorities".
Unnoticed by the captain, crew, port officials and customs authorities, stowaways may gain access to a ship with or without the assistance of port personnel. Once on board the ship, stowaways hide in empty containers, cargo holds, tanks, tunnels, behind false panels, stores, accommodation areas, engine rooms, void spaces, cranes and chain lockers.
The presence of stowaways on board ships may bring serious consequences for ships and, by extension, to the shipping industry as a whole; the ship could be delayed in port; the repatriation of stowaways can be a very complex and costly procedure involving masters, shipowners, port authorities and agents, and the life of stowaways could be endangered as they may spent several days hidden, with the risk of suffocation and without any food or water.[9]
See also
References
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 https://books.google.fr/books?id=W2cGYPC9j3EC& Ancestry magazine janv.-févr. 2003
- ↑ The Rotarian oct. 1921 https://books.google.fr/books?id=gEYEAAAAMBAJ What about the immigrant?
- ↑ https://books.google.fr/books?id=daKhAQAAQBAJ Social History of the Scotch-Irish / Carlton Jackson / Madison Books, 12 août 1999 - 224 pages
- ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
