Strongman (politics)

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A strongman is a political leader who rules by force and runs an authoritarian regime. The term is often used interchangeably with "dictator" in the western world, but differs from a "warlord" and commonly lacks the negative connotations especially in some Eastern European and Central Asian countries.

A strongman is not necessarily always a formal head of state or head of government; sometimes journalists use the term to describe a military or political figure who exercises far more influence over the government than a local constitution allows. General Manuel Noriega, for example, was often dubbed the "Strongman of Panama" for the enormous amount of political power he exercised over Panama, despite the fact that he was not the formal president of the state.

Similarly, not every discussion of "strong leadership"[1] (or every promise to provide such[2]) envisages rule by a strongman.

Political figures referred to as "strongmen"

Country Leader
 Afghanistan Hafizullah Amin[3]
 Albania Enver Hoxha[4]
 Angola José Eduardo dos Santos[5]
 Argentina Juan Perón[6]
 Argentina Jorge Rafael Videla[7]
 Argentina Leopoldo Galtieri[8]
 Armenia Garegin Nzhdeh[9]
 Armenia Vazgen Sargsyan[10]
 Austria Engelbert Dollfuss[11]
 Austria Kurt Schuschnigg[12]
 Azerbaijan Heydar Aliyev[13]
 Azerbaijan Ilham Aliyev[14]
 Bangladesh Ziaur Rahman[15]
 Belarus Alexander Lukashenko[16]
 Bolivia Hugo Banzer[17]
 Brazil Getúlio Vargas[18]
 Bulgaria Todor Zhivkov[19]
 Burma Ne Win[20]
 Burma Than Shwe[21]
 Burundi Pierre Buyoya[22]
 Cambodia Hun Sen[23]
 Cameroon Paul Biya[24]
 Cambodia Pol Pot[25]
 Central African Republic Jean-Bedel Bokassa[26]
 Central African Republic Francois Bozize[27]
 Central African Republic Michel Djotodia[26]
 Chad Hissène Habré[28]
 Chechnya Ramzan Kadyrov[29]
 Chile Augusto Pinochet[30]
 People's Republic of China Mao Zedong[31]
 People's Republic of China Deng Xiaoping[31]
 People's Republic of China Xi Jinping[32]
 Republic of China Chiang Kai-shek[33]
 Republic of China Chiang Ching-kuo[34]
 Colombia Gustavo Rojas Pinilla[35]
 Republic of the Congo Denis Sassou-Nguesso[36]
 Croatia Ante Pavelić[37]
 Croatia Franjo Tudjman[38]
 Cuba Gerardo Machado[39]
 Cuba Fulgencio Batista[40]
 Cuba Fidel Castro[41]
 Cuba Raúl Castro[42]
 Czechoslovakia Antonín Novotný[43]
 Czechoslovakia Gustáv Husák[44]
 Dominican Republic Rafael Trujillo[45]
 Ecuador Rafael Correa[46]
 Egypt Gamal Abdel Nasser[47]
 Egypt Anwar Sadat[48]
 Egypt Hosni Mubarak[49]
 Egypt Abdel-Fattah el-Sissi[50]
 England Oliver Cromwell[51]
 Equatorial Guinea Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo[52]
 Eritrea Isaias Afewerki[53]
 Estonia Konstantin Pats[54]
 Ethiopia Mengistu Haile Mariam[55]
 Ethiopia Meles Zenawi[56]
 Finland Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim[57]
 Finland Urho Kekkonen[58]
 France Napoleon[59]
 France Philippe Pétain[60]
 France Charles de Gaulle[61]
 Gambia Yahya Jammeh[62]
 Georgia Eduard Shevardnadze[63]
 German Empire Otto von Bismarck[64]
 German Empire Erich Ludendorff[65]
 Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler[66]
 East Germany Walter Ulbricht[67]
 East Germany Erich Honecker[68]
 Greece Ioannis Metaxas[69]
 Greece Georgios Papadopoulos[70]
 Guyana Forbes Burnham[71]
 Haiti Paul Magloire[72]
 Haiti Francois Duvalier[73]
 Haiti Jean-Claude Duvalier[74]
 Honduras Tiburcio Carías Andino[75]
 Hungary Miklós Horthy[76]
 Hungary Ferenc Szálasi[54]
 Hungary Mátyás Rákosi[77]
 Hungary János Kádár[78]
 Hungary Viktor Orbán[79]
 India Narendra Modi[80]
 Indonesia Suharto[81]
 Indonesia Sukarno[82]
 Iran Ruhollah Khomeini[83]
 Iraq Saddam Hussein[84]
 Israel David Ben-Gurion[85]
 Israel Ariel Sharon[86]
 Israel Benjamin Netanyahu[87]
 Italy Francesco Crispi[88]
 Italy Benito Mussolini[89]
 Italy Silvio Berlusconi[90]
 Japan Hideki Tojo[91]
 Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev[92]
 Kenya Daniel Arap Moi[93]
 Kyrgyzstan Kurmanbek Bakiyev[94]
 Latvia Kārlis Ulmanis[95]
 Lebanon Hassan Nasrallah[96]
 Libya Muammar Gaddafi[97]
 Lithuania Antanas Smetona[54]
 Malaysia Mahathir bin Mohamad[98]
 Mexico Antonio López de Santa Anna[99]
 Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza García[100]
 Nicaragua Anastasio Somoza Debayle[101]
 Nicaragua Daniel Ortega[102]
 North Korea Kim Il-sung[103]
 North Korea Kim Jong-il[104]
 North Korea Kim Jong-un
 North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh[105]
 Ottoman Empire Ismail Enver Pasha[106]
 Pakistan Ayub Khan[107]
 Pakistan Yahya Khan[108]
 Pakistan Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq[109]
 Pakistan Pervez Musharraf[110]
 Palestine Yasser Arafat[111]
 Panama Omar Torrijos[112]
 Panama Manuel Noriega[113]
 Paraguay Alfredo Stroessner[114]
 Peru Juan Velasco Alvarado[115]
 Peru Alberto Fujimori[116]
 Philippines Emilio Aguinaldo[117]
 Philippines Ferdinand Marcos[118]
 Poland Józef Piłsudski[119]
 Poland Wojciech Jaruzelski[120]
 Poland Jarosław Kaczyński[121]
 Portugal António de Oliveira Salazar[122]
 Romania Ion Antonescu[123]
 Romania Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej[124]
 Romania Nicolae Ceaușescu[125]
 Russia Vladimir Putin[126]
 Rwanda Paul Kagame[127]
 Serbia Slobodan Milošević[128]
 Serbia Aleksandar Vučić[129]
 Singapore Lee Kuan Yew[130]
Slovakia Jozef Tiso[54]
 Slovakia Vladimír Mečiar[131]
 Slovakia Robert Fico[132]
South Africa Hendrik Verwoerd[133]
South Africa Balthazar Johannes Vorster[134]
South Africa Pieter Willem Botha[135]
 South Korea Syngman Rhee[136]
 South Korea Park Chung-Hee[137]
 South Korea Chun Doo-Hwan[138]
 South Vietnam Ngo Dinh Diem[139]
23x15px Spain Miguel Primo de Rivera[140]
 Spain Francisco Franco[141]
 Sri Lanka Mahinda Rajapaksa[142]
 Sudan Omar al-Bashir[143]
 Suriname Dési Bouterse[144]
 Syria Salah Jadid[145]
 Syria Hafez al-Assad[146]
 Syria Bashar al-Assad[147]
 Tajikistan Emomali Rakhmon[148]
 Thailand Plaek Phibunsongkhram[149]
 Thailand Sarit Thanarat[150]
 Thailand Thanom Kittikachorn[151]
 Thailand Prem Tinsulanonda[152]
 Thailand Prayuth Chan-ocha[153]
 Turkey Mustafa Kemal Atatürk[154]
 Turkey İsmet İnönü[155]
 Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdoğan[156]
 Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov[157]
 Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov[158]
 Tunisia Zine El Abidine Ben Ali[159]
 Uganda Idi Amin Dada[160]
 Uganda Milton Obote[161]
 Uganda Yoweri Museveni[162]
 Ukraine Leonid Kuchma[163]
 Ukraine Viktor Yanukovych[164]
 Soviet Union Joseph Stalin[165]
 Soviet Union Nikita Khrushchev[166]
 Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev[167]
 Uruguay Juan María Bordaberry[168]
 Uzbekistan Islam Karimov[169]
 Venezuela Hugo Chávez[170]
 Venezuela Juan Vincente Gomez[171]
 Venezuela Antonio Guzmán Blanco[171]
 Venezuela Marcos Pérez Jiménez[171]
 FR Yugoslavia Slobodan Milošević[172]
 SFR Yugoslavia Josip Broz Tito[173]
 Zaire Mobutu Sese Seko[174]
 Zambia Kenneth Kaunda[175]
 Zimbabwe Robert Mugabe[176]

See also

References

  1. ↑ For example: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  2. ↑ See for example: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  3. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  4. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  12. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  13. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  20. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  21. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  24. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  25. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  27. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  28. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Xiang, Lanxin (20 April 2012). "Bo Xilai probe shows up China's outdated system of government". South China Morning Post
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  34. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  35. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  36. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  38. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  39. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  40. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  41. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  42. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  43. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  44. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  45. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  46. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  47. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  48. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  49. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  50. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  51. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  54. ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  55. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  56. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  88. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  108. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  109. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  110. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  111. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  112. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  113. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  114. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  115. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  118. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  123. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  171. ↑ 171.0 171.1 171.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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  174. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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