Subacute bacterial endocarditis
| Subacute bacterial endocarditis | |
|---|---|
Vegetation of tricuspid valve by ECHO
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| Classification and external resources | |
| Specialty | Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 446: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). |
| ICD-10 | I33.0 |
| ICD-9-CM | 421.0 |
| Patient UK | Subacute bacterial endocarditis |
| MeSH | D004698 |
Subacute bacterial endocarditis (also called endocarditis lenta) is a type of endocarditis (more specifically, infective endocarditis).[1] Subacute bacterial endocarditis can be considered a form of type III hypersensitivity.[2]
Contents
Signs and symptoms
Among the signs of subacute bacterial endocarditis are:[3]
Causes
It is usually caused by a form of streptococci viridans bacteria that normally live in the mouth[4] (Streptococcus mutans, mitis, sanguis or milleri).[5]
Other strains of streptococci can also cause subacute endocarditis, streptococcus intermedius: acute and subacute infection ( can causes about 15% of cases pertaining to infective endocarditis). Additional enterococci (urinary tract infections) and coagulase negative staphylococci can also be causative agents.[6]
Mechanism
The mechanism of subacute bacterial endocarditis could be due to malformed stenotic valves which in the company of bacteremia, become infected, via adhesion and subsequent colonization of the surface area. This causes an inflammatory response, with recruitment of matrix metalloproteinases, and destruction of collagen.[7]
Underlying structural valve disease is usually present in patients before developing subacute endocarditis, and is less likely to lead to septic emboli than is acute endocarditis, but subacute endocarditis has a relatively slow process of infection and, if left untreated, can worsen for up to one year before it is fatal.[medical citation needed] In cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis, the causative organism (streptococcus viridans) needs a previous heart valve disease to colonize.[8] On the other hand, in cases of acute bacterial endocarditis, the organism can colonize on the healthy heart valve, causing the disease.[9]
Diagnosis
Diagnosis of subacute bacterial endocarditis can be done by collecting three blood culture specimens over a 24 hour period for analysis,[10] also it can usually be indicated by the existence of:
Treatment
The standard treatment is with a minimum of four weeks of high-dose intravenous penicillin with an aminoglycoside such as gentamicin. The use of high-dose antibiotics is largely based upon animal models.[5] Leo Loewe of Brooklyn Jewish Hospital was the first to successfully treat subacute bacterial endocarditis with penicillin. Loewe reported at the time seven cases of subacute bacterial endocarditis in 1944.[14]
References
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- ↑ Pathology of Infectious Endocarditis at eMedicine
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- ↑ Clubbing of the Nails~clinical at eMedicine
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Further references
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- ↑ Basic Pathology - Robbins et al - 9th edition
