Timeline of German Idealism

The following is a list of the major events in the history of German idealism, along with related historical events.

Events

Background

• 1623 Jakob Böhme, The Way to Christ (see: Behmenism)
• 1641 René Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy (see: Modern Rationalism, Cartesianism)
• 1677 Spinoza, Ethica Ordine Geometrico Demonstrata (see: Spinozism, Philosophy of Spinoza)
• 1686 Leibniz, Discourse on Metaphysics
• 1687 Newton, Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica ("Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy")
• 1690 Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (see: British Empiricism)
• 1710 Berkeley, Three Dialogues between Hylas and Philonous (see: Subjective idealism)
• 1732 Wolff, Elementa matheseos universae (influenced Kant)
• 1748 Hume, An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding
• 1759 Hamann, Socratic Memorabilia (see: Counter-Enlightenment)
• 1762 Rousseau, Emile, or On Education (see: Age of Enlightenment)

1770s

• 1770 Kant, inaugural dissertation

1780s

• 1781
  • Kant, Critique of Pure Reason (see: Transcendental idealism)
  • Death of Lessing
• 1783 Kant, Prolegomena to Any Future Metaphysics
• 1784 Kant, "Answering the Question: What Is Enlightenment?"
• 1785
  • Jacobi, Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza
    • includes unauthorized publication of Goethe's poem "Prometheus". (see: Pantheism controversy, Sturm und Drang)
  • Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals
• 1786 Reinhold, Letters on the Kantian Philosophy
• 1787
  • Second edition of Kant's Critique of Pure Reason
  • Jacobi, David Hume on Faith, or Idealism and Realism
  • Goethe, Iphigenia in Tauris (see: Weimar Classicism)
• 1788 Kant, Critique of Practical Reason
• 1789
  • French Revolution begins
  • Second, expanded edition of Jacobi's Letters on the Teachings of Spinoza

1790s

• 1790
  • Kant, Critique of Judgment
  • Maimon, "Essay on Transcendental Philosophy"
  • Goethe, Metamorphosis of Plants
• 1792
  • Fichte, Attempt at a Critique of All Revelation
  • Schulze, Aenesidemus
• 1793 Kant, Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone
• 1794 Fichte, Foundations of the Science of Knowledge
• 1795 Schiller, On the Aesthetic Education of Man
• 1797
  • Fichte, Foundations of Natural Right
  • Kant, Metaphysics of Morals
  • "The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism" (unsigned and unpublished essay written by Hegel, Schelling, and/or Hölderlin.)
  • Schelling, Ideas for a Philosophy of Nature (see: Naturphilosophie)
• 1798 Schelling, On the World Soul
• 1799
  • Napoleon overthrows the French Directory
  • Jacobi, Letter to Fichte (see: Atheism dispute)
  • Schleiermacher, On Religion (see: German Romanticism, Hermeneutics)
  • Schelling, First Plan of a System of the Philosophy of Nature

1800s

• 1800
  • Schelling, System of Transcendental Idealism
  • Fichte, The Vocation of Man
• 1801 Hegel, The Difference Between Fichte's and Schelling's Systems of Philosophy
• 1804 Death of Kant
• 1807 Hegel, The Phenomenology of Spirit (see: Absolute idealism)
• 1808 Goethe, Faust: The First Part of the Tragedy
• 1809 Schelling, Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom

1810s

• 1810 Goethe, Theory of Colours
• 1811 Jacobi, Of Divine Things and Their Revelation (criticized Schelling)
• 1812 Hegel, Science of Logic part one ('The Objective Logic', part 1)
• 1813 Hegel, Science of Logic part two ('The Objective Logic', part 2)
• 1814
  • Death of Fichte
  • Defeat of Napoleon; Bourbon Restoration
• 1815 Schelling, On the Divinities of Samothrace (see: Winged Victory of Samothrace)
• 1816 Hegel, Science of Logic part three ('The Subjective Logic')
• 1817
  • Hegel, Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences
  • Coleridge, Biographia Literaria (discusses Kant, Fichte, Schelling in English)
• 1818 Schopenhauer, The World as Will and Representation

1820s

• 1820 Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right
• 1825 Herbart, Psychology as Science

1830s

• 1830 Revolutions of 1830
• 1831 Death of Hegel
• 1832
  • Goethe, Faust: The Second Part of the Tragedy
  • Death of Goethe
• 1833 Karl Daub, The Dogmatic Theology of the Present Time (see: Right Hegelians)
• 1834
  • Carlyle, Sartor Resartus (English novel which parodied German idealism)
  • Schelling's first public critique of Hegel is published in an introduction to a work by Victor Cousin
• 1835
  • Strauss, The Life of Jesus (see: Young Hegelians)
  • Heine, On the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany
  • Hegel's posthumously published Lectures on Aesthetics
• 1837
  • Schopenhauer, On the Basis of Morality
  • Hegel's Lectures on the Philosophy of History
• 1839 Schopenhauer, On the Freedom of the Will

1840s

• 1841
  • Schelling's Berlin lectures are attended by Søren Kierkegaard, Mikhail Bakunin, Jacob Burckhardt, Alexander von Humboldt, and Friedrich Engels
  • Kierkegaard, On the Concept of Irony with Continual Reference to Socrates (critiques Fichte, Schlegel, and Hegel)
  • Feuerbach, The Essence of Christianity
• 1842 Bruno Bauer, Hegel's Teachings on Religion and Art
• 1843
  • Trendelenburg, The Logical Question in Hegel's System
  • Marx, Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right (unpublished until after Marx's death)
  • Lotze, Logic
• 1844
  • Second expanded edition of Schopenhauer's The World as Will and Representation
  • Marx and Engels, The Holy Family criticized the Young Hegelians
• 1846 Marx and Engels, The German Ideology (unpublished until 1932) criticized the Young Hegelians
• 1848 Revolutions of 1848

1850s

• 1851 Schopenhauer, Parerga and Paralipomena
• 1854 Death of Schelling

1860s

• 1860 Death of Schopenhauer
• 1865
  • Stirling, The Secret of Hegel: Being the Hegelian System in Origin Principle, Form and Matter (see: British idealism)
  • Lange, History of Materialism and Critique of its Present Importance (Neo-Kantian work)

1870s

• 1874 Nietzsche, Schopenhauer as Educator

1880s

• 1885 Josiah Royce, The Religious Aspect of Philosophy (see: Objective idealism)

Later

• 1903 G. E. Moore, "The Refutation of Idealism" (see: Analytic philosophy)
• 1907 Benedetto Croce, What is Living and What is Dead in the Philosophy of Hegel
• 1912 Paul Tillich, Mysticism and Guilt-Consciousness in Schelling's Philosophical Development (see: Christian existentialism)
• 1916 Giovanni Gentile, The Theory of Mind as Pure Act (Developed a version of idealism which is amenable to fascism. see: Actual idealism)
• 1917 Franz Rosenzweig "Oldest System-Program of German Idealism" (first publication of lost 1797 unsigned document)
• 1929 Heidegger, Kant and the Problem of Metaphysics
• 1936 Heidegger, Schelling's Treatise: On the Essence of Human Freedom
• 1945 Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies (criticized Hegel's historicism as totalitarian)
• 1947
  • Jean Hyppolite, The Genesis and Structure of the Phenomenology of Spirit
  • Alexandre Kojève, Introduction to the Reading of Hegel: Lectures on Phenomenology of Spirit
• 1948 Lukács, The Young Hegel
• 1955 Walter Kaufmann, Hegel: A Reinterpretation
• 1963 Adorno, Hegel: Three Studies (see: Frankfurt School)
• 1966 P.F. Strawson, The Bounds of Sense: An Essay on Immanuel Kant’s Critique of Pure Reason (see: Ordinary language philosophy)
• 1974 Derrida, Glas (see: Deconstruction, Post-structuralism)
• 1975 Charles Taylor, Hegel
• 1992 Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man

See also

• Objective idealism
• Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel bibliography
• Johann Wolfgang von Goethe bibliography
• Transcendentalism
• Hegelianism
• Kantianism
• Neo-Kantianism

External links

• Hegel’s Critics at marxists.org