Timeline of Irish history

This is a timeline of Irish history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Ireland. To read about the background to these events, see History of Ireland. See also the list of Lords and Kings of Ireland and Irish heads of state and the list of years in Ireland.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by expanding it with reliably sourced entries.

Mesolithic and neolithic periods

Year	Date	Event
c. 16,000 BCE		During the Last Glacial Maximum, Ireland is covered in ice sheets
c. 12,000 BCE		A narrow channel forms between Prehistoric Ireland and southwest Scotland
c. 8000 BCE		Mesolithic hunter-gatherers migrate to Ireland
c. 6500 BCe		Mesolithic hunter-gatherers occupy sites such as that at Mount Sandel in Ulster
c. 4000 BCE		Agriculture (including the keeping of livestock, and crop farming) has its beginnings in Ireland, at sites such as the Céide Fields in Connacht
c. 3500 BCE		The Neolithic peoples of the Boyne Valley build a complex of chamber tombs, standing stones and enclosures over a period of hundreds of years. (Newgrange itself is dated to 3300-2900 BCE).

Bronze and Iron Ages

Year	Date	Event
c. 2000 BCE		Bronze Age technologies start to arrive in Ireland, including the moulding of Ballybeg-type flat axes, and the beginnings of copper mining at Ross Island, Killarney and Mount Gabriel.
c. 500 BCE		During the Iron Age in Ireland, Celtic influence in art, language and culture begins to take hold.
c. 300 BCE		Murder of Clonycavan Man, according to radiocarbon dating
c. 200 BCE		La Tène influence from continental Europe influences carvings on the Turoe stone, Bullaun, County Galway.
c. 100 BCE		Additional works expand the site at Emain Macha (first occupied in the Neolithic period)

1st century

Year	Date	Event
c. 100 AD		Construction of a series of defensive ditches between the provinces of Ulster and Connacht

2nd century

Year	Date	Event
c. 140 AD		Ptolemy's Geographia provides the earliest known written reference to habitation in the Dublin area, referring to a settlement in the area as Eblana Civitas

3rd century

Year	Date	Event
c. 220 AD		The Annals of the Four Masters, Foras Feasa ar Éirinn, and other semi-historical (non-contemporary) texts, place Cormac mac Airt as a longstanding High King of Ireland. (The Annals date his reign as 226-266, but scholars vary in their assessment of Mac Airt's reign as legend or historical fact)

4th century

Year	Date	Event
c. 300 AD		Pollen data records from the late Iron Age indicate a resurgence in human activity after a relatively stagnant period

5th century

Year	Date	Event
c. 400		Niall Noígíallach is placed by Medieval texts as a legendary Goidelic High King of Ireland (the Annals of the Four Masters dates his reign as 378-405)
431		Palladius is sent as the first bishop "to the Irish believing in Christ" by Pope Celestine I
432		According to the Annals of Ulster (and other chronicles) Saint Patrick returns to Ireland.

6th century

Year	Date	Event
536		A seemingly global climate event (possibly a volcanic winter) causes crop failures and famine in Ireland.
563		Irish monastic influence during the Golden Age peaks with the foundation of monastic schools by Columba and Brendan at Iona and Clonfert. (Columbanus would later set up similar institutions in continental Europe, Fursa in East Anglia and Gaul, Aidan at Lindisfarne. Etc.)

7th century

Year	Date	Event
664-666		Several sources record a pervasive "yellow plague" on the island.

8th century

Year	Date	Event
795		First Viking raids on Iona, Rathlin Island, and Inishmurray.

9th century

Year	Date	Event
830		Óengus of Tallaght writes the Martyrology of Tallaght, the Prologue of which speaks of the last vestiges of paganism in Ireland
852		Vikings Ivar Beinlaus and Olaf the White land in Dublin Bay and establish a fortress - close to where the city of Dublin now stands

10th century

Year	Date	Event
980		The King of Dublin Olaf Cuaran abdicates following defeat at the Battle of Tara to Máel Sechnaill mac Domnaill.
988/9		Máel Sechnaill demands (and is paid) "tribute" by the Vikings at Dublin (this tribute date is sometimes recognised as the "foundation date" of Dublin as a city)

11th century

Year	Date	Event
1014	23 April	Defeat of Máel Mórda mac Murchada and Viking forces by the armies of Brian Boru marks the beginning of the decline of Viking power in Ireland.

12th century

Year	Date	Event
1167		Following exile by Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, Dermot MacMurrough seeks support from Henry II of England to reclaim his Kingship.
1171		Henry II of England lands at Waterford and declares himself Lord of Ireland.
1175	6 October	The Treaty of Windsor consolidates Norman influence in Ireland.

13th century

Year	Date	Event
1216	12 November	Great Charter of Ireland issued by Henry III of England.
1252		The Annals of the Four Masters records a Summer-time heat-wave and drought.
1297		The first representative Irish Parliament (of the Lordship of Ireland) meets in Dublin.

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1315	26 May	Edward Bruce arrives in Ireland and rallies many Irish lords against Anglo-Norman control.
1366		The Statutes of Kilkenny are passed at Kilkenny to curb the decline of the Hiberno-Norman Lordship of Ireland.
1398		Gerald FitzGerald, 3rd Earl of Desmond, mysteriously disappears; Gearóid Íarla is forever afterwards judged to be sleeping in a cave under Lough Gur, waiting to gallop out on his silver-shod horse and rescue Ireland at the moment of greatest need.

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1472		The Annals of the Four Masters records that the King Of England sent an exotic animal (possibly a giraffe) to Ireland.
1490		An earthquake takes place at Sliabh Gamh in County Mayo.
1494	1 December	Edward Poyning, Henry VII of England's Lord Deputy to Ireland, issued a declaration known as Poynings' Law under which the Irish parliament was to pass no law without the prior consent of the English parliament.
1497		The Annals of the Four Masters refers to a famine which "prevailed through all Ireland".

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1534	11 June	Thomas FitzGerald, the 10th Earl of Kildare, publicly renounced his allegiance to Henry VIII of England.
1537	3 February	FitzGerald was hanged, drawn, and quartered at Tyburn.
1542		The Irish parliament passed the Crown of Ireland Act, which established a Kingdom of Ireland to be ruled by Henry VIII and his successors.
1570	25 February	Pope Pius V issued a papal bull, Regnans in Excelsis, declaring Elizabeth I of England a heretic and releasing her subjects from any allegiance to her.
1575	May-Aug	The Annals of the Four Masters record a drought, in which no rain fell "from Bealtaine to Lammas" (May 1 to August 1), which resulted in disease and plague.
1577	November	The Annals of the Four Masters record that the Great Comet of 1577 "was wondered at by all universally".
1579	16 July	Second Desmond Rebellion: James FitzMaurice FitzGerald, a cousin of the 15th Earl of Desmond, landed a small force of rebels at Dingle.
1594		The Nine Years' War commences in Ulster, as Hugh O'Neill and Red Hugh O'Donnell rebel against Elizabeth I's authority in Ulster.

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1607	14 September	The Flight of the Earls: The departure from Ireland of Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone and Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell.
1609		Plantation of Ulster by Scottish Presbyterians began on a large scale.
1641	22 October	Irish Rebellion of 1641: Phelim O'Neill led the capture of several forts in the north of Ireland.
1642		Irish Confederate Wars: The Irish Catholic Confederation was established, under the nominal overlordship of Charles I of England, with its capital at Kilkenny.
1646	28 March	The Supreme Council of the Irish Catholic Confederation signed an agreement with a representative of Charles I, which procured some rights for Catholics in return for their military support of the royalists in England.
		The members of the Supreme Council were arrested. The General Assembly renounced the agreement with England.
1647		A more favorable agreement was reached with Charles's representative, which promised toleration of Catholicism, a repeal of Poynings' Law, and recognition of lands taken by Irish Catholics during the war.

18th century

Year	Date	Event
1740		Extreme winters in successive years result in poor harvests, causing a largescale famine in which between 310,000 and 480,000 die.
1760	February	Battle of Carrickfergus: A French invasion.
1782		After agitation by the Irish Volunteers, the Parliament of Great Britain passed a number of reforms - including the repeal of Poynings' Law - collectively referred to as the Constitution of 1782.
1796	December	Expédition d'Irlande: Attempted French invasion.
1798	24 May	Battle of Ballymore-Eustace: A miscarried surprise attack on the British garrison at Ballymore in County Kildare was counterattacked and defeated.
	22 August	Irish Rebellion of 1798: One thousand French soldiers landed at Kilcummin in support of the rebellion.
	27 August	Battle of Castlebar: A combined French-Irish force defeated a vastly numerically superior British force at Castlebar.
		Irish Rebellion of 1798: The Republic of Connacht was proclaimed at Castlebar. First United Irishmen rebellion

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1801	1 January	Acts of Union 1800 passed. The Kingdom of Ireland is annexed to Great Britain. 'United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland is formed.
1803	23 July	Second United Irishmen rebellion: The Irish nationalist Robert Emmet attempted to seize Dublin Castle.
1829	24 March	Catholic Emancipation: The Catholic Relief Act 1829 was passed, which allowed Catholics to sit in Parliament.
1831	3 May	Tithe War: A force of one hundred and twenty armed police forcibly took possession of cattle belonging to a Roman Catholic priest in lieu of his compulsory tithe to the Anglican Church of Ireland.
1834	17 December	Dublin and Kingstown Railway is opened as the first commercial railway in Ireland.
1836		Tithe War: The passage of the Tithe Commutation Act 1836 reduced the amount of the tithe and changed the manner of payment, which largely ended the unrest
1845-1849		Great Irish Famine: A potato blight destroyed two-thirds of Ireland's staple crop and lead to an estimated 1 million deaths and emigration of a further 1 million people.
1867	5 March	Fenian Rising.

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1913	19 August	A Dublin businessman, William Martin Murphy, fired forty workers he suspected of belonging to the Irish Transport and General Workers' Union (ITGWU).
	26 August	Dublin Lockout: The ITGWU went on strike.
1914	18 January	Dublin Lockout: The Trades Union Congress (TUC) rejected a call by the ITGWU to go on strike in their support. The strikers quit the union and returned to work.
	18 September	Government of Ireland Act, offering Irish Home Rule, passed but application simultaneously postponed for the duration of World War I.
1916	24 April	Easter Rising: The Irish Republican Brotherhood led an action which seized key government buildings in Dublin, and issued the Proclamation of the Irish Republic.
	29 April	Easter Rising: The leader of the uprising ordered his followers to surrender.
1918	18 April	Acting on a resolution of Dublin Corporation, the Lord Mayor convenes a conference at the Mansion House to devise plans to resist conscription.
	14 December	A general election returns a majority for Sinn Féin.
1919	21 January	The First Dáil of the Irish Republic meets and issues a Declaration of Independence from the UK.
	21 January	Irish War of Independence: Volunteers of the Army of the Irish Republic kill two members of the Royal Irish Constabulary in what is considered to be the first act of the War of Independence.
1921	3 May	Northern Ireland is established.
1921	6 December	Irish War of Independence: The War of Independence ends when negotiations between the British government and representatives of the de facto Irish Republic conclude with the signing of the Anglo-Irish Treaty and the creation of the Irish Free State
1922	28 June	Irish Civil War: Bombardment by Michael Collins of Anti-Treaty forces occupying the Four Courts marks the start of the Irish Civil War
1923	24 May	Irish Civil War: IRA Chief of Staff Frank Aiken orders volunteers to dump arms - effectively ending the Civil War.
1937	29 December	The Constitution of Ireland comes into force replacing the Irish Free State with a new state called "'Éire', or, in the English language, 'Ireland'"
1949	August	The Republic of Ireland Act is signed by the President of Ireland abolishing the remaining roles of the British monarch in the government of the Irish state.
1955	14 December	Ireland joins the United Nations along with 16 other sovereign states.
1969	August	Troops are deployed on the streets of Northern Ireland, marking the start of the Troubles.
1972	March	The Parliament of Northern Ireland is prorogued (and abolished the following year).
1973	1 January	Ireland joins the European Community along with Britain and Denmark.
1973	June	The Northern Ireland Assembly is elected.
1974	1 January	A power-sharing Northern Ireland Executive takes office, but resigns in May as a result of the Ulster Workers' Council strike. The Assembly is suspended and later abolished.
1985	15 November	The governments of Ireland and the United Kingdom sign the Anglo-Irish Agreement.
1990	3 December	Mary Robinson becomes the first female President of Ireland.
1995		Ireland enters the Celtic Tiger period which marks great economic growth for Ireland - which continues until 2007.
1998	April	The Belfast Agreement is signed. As a result, the Northern Ireland Assembly is elected, to which powers are devolved in 1999 and a power-sharing Executive takes office.
1999		Ireland yields its official currency the Irish pound and adopts the Euro.

21st century

Year	Date	Event
2001	7 June	The twenty-first, twenty-third and twenty-sixth Amendments to the Constitution of Ireland, which provided for a universal ban on the death penalty, Ireland's recognition of the International Criminal Court and its ratification of the Treaty of Nice, respectively, were all approved by referendum.
2008	6 May	After leading a Fianna Fáil government for nearly 11 years, the Taoiseach Bertie Ahern retires - while under pressure due to corruption allegations.
2009	2 October	The ratification of the Treaty of Lisbon is enabled through the passing of a second referendum on the subject.
2011	1 February	An ongoing financial crisis places significant strain on the coalition government, and the 30th Dáil is dissolved.
2015	23 May	A 62% to 38% referendum result makes Ireland the first country to legalise same-sex marriage by popular vote.