Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad

Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad

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Abandoned bed of the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, crossing Soda Lake at Zzyzx, California.
Reporting mark	TT
Locale	Ludlow, California and Beatty, Nevada
Dates of operation	1906–1940
Track gauge	4 ft 8 1⁄2 in (1,435 mm) standard gauge
Headquarters	Ludlow, California

The Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad, the T&T, was a class II railroad extending roughly 200 miles through remote reaches of the Mojave Desert from the Santa Fe Railway railhead at Ludlow, California, through Death Valley and Amargosa Valley, terminating at the mining towns of Tonopah and Goldfield in the Great Basin Desert in Nye County, Nevada. The railroad was listed as a common carrier, however it was built by Francis Marion Smith the "Borax King" and his Pacific Coast Borax Company primarily to transport borax to processing and market. The line is now completely abandoned.

Construction and territory

Grading began on the Tonopah and Tidewater Railroad - T&T line on July 30, 1905. 50- and 65-pound rails were laid starting on November 19, 1905. The line was completed on October 30, 1907, with the T&T tracks ending at Gold Center, Nevada. From Gold Center the T&T reached into Beatty, Nevada with joint trackage rights with the Brock Road Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad. The T&T also reached Rhyolite, Nevada over the Bullfrog Goldfield trackage via the connecting wye at Gold Center. From 1908 to 1914 the Bullfrog Goldfield Railroad, which also serving the mines around Beatty, was combined into the T&T, and then combined again in 1918 after the demise of the Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad. The T&T owned and ran both lines under a "new railroad identity" from 1920 until January, 1928.

The T&T also had a 7-mile (11 km) branch that ran from its mainline at Death Valley Junction, California to the Lila C Mine with the station named "Ryan". At Horton, California the T&T separated from the narrow gauge Death Valley Railroad - DVRR. The DVRR ran for 21 miles from Death Valley Junction west to Devar, later renamed Ryan, and different from the Lila C. Mine's Ryan, via Colmanite and was abandoned in 1931. The T&T branch had 3 rail tracks (both narrow and standard gauge) from Horton to Death Valley Junction. The T&T branch was built in 1907 and the DVRR was built in 1914. The branch to the Lila C. was removed not long after all operations were transferred to Devar - Ryan.

Changes

Originally the railroad intended to build from Las Vegas to Death Valley but grading was terminated in 1905 due to rate problems with the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad. The "San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad" was later shortened to "Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad," and is the present day Union Pacific mainline between Los Angeles and Salt Lake City.

Once the mining boom ended, the railroad struggled to survive, as borax shipping came to comprise the majority of its business. After the borax mining and operations were moved from the Death Valley region to the Boron, California mine and facilities in 1927, the line relied upon whatever traffic could be found. Over most of its existence, U.S. Borax (USB) had made up the losses from the railroad's operations. A railcar was bought to replace the already worn out steam locomotives and to cut costs on running the T&T line. Discussions for cessation/abandonment were started as early as 1930. After the major flood of 1933, Ludlow was abandoned and operations ran north from Crucero, a Los Angeles & Salt Lake Railroad railhead. The 26 miles (42 km) of track between Crucero and the T&T's connection with the Santa Fe Railway at Ludlow was placed out of service on October 8, 1933. After the flood of 1938, applications for abandonment were pursued.

By 1940 the entire line was out of service and on July 18, 1942, scrapping began at Beatty and terminated a year later at Ludlow. Final abandonment with the I.C.C. was approved on December 3, 1946.

Preservation

After the T&T was abandoned and torn up in 1942, most of the rolling stock was scrapped or shipped away for the war effort. The only known pieces of rolling stock known to exist up till this day, are only a few rolling stock cars and a motor-driven railcar.

T&T Caboose #402 is known to be stored at the Nevada Northern Railway Museum, in moderate condition but sorely needing repair.

A boxcar and flatcar have also been preserved, they are now located at the Orange Empire Railway Museum at Perris, California.

Old Railcar #99 was reused as a maintenance vehicle for the Ferrocarril Sonora-Baja California Railroad. It was cut in half after its frame was cracked at some point, and it worked until 1967 when it was retired and stored away at the old railroad shops at Benjamin Hill, Sonora, and is currently awaiting a buyer to preserve it.

Former stops

Many stops along the railroad were named for associates of Francis Marion Smith

• Ludlow
• Broadwell
• Mesquite
• Crucero
• Rasor - named for Clarence Rasor, Smith's employee. This area is privately owned within a remote public use area, the Rasor Off-Highway Vehicle Area.
• Soda Lake, later renamed Zzyzx, California
• Baker - named for Richard C. Baker, Smith's business associate
• Silver Lake
• Talc
• Riggs
• Lore
• Valjean
• Dumont - named after Harry Dumont who ran the company's San Francisco office
• Sperry - named after Smith's niece Charlotte Grace Sperry
• Acme
• Tecopa
• Zabriskie - named for Christian Brevoort Zabriskie, superintendent at Columbus Marsh later in charge of New York operations.
• Shoshone
• Gerstley - named for James Gerstley, Smith's business partner (and later U.S. Borax President from 1950-1961)
• Evelyn - named for Evelyn Ellis, Smith's wife
• Horton - named for the T&T's trainmaster, Ben Horton
• Death Valley Junction
• Ryan - named for John Ryan, Smith's trusted supervisor
• Lila C
• Bradford Siding
• Scranton
• Leeland
• Ashton
• Carrara
• Gold Center
• Bullfrog
• Rhyolite
• Beatty

See also

• Carson and Colorado Railway
• Borate and Daggett Railroad
• Death Valley Railroad
• Las Vegas and Tonopah Railroad
• Tonopah and Goldfield Railroad
• List of defunct California railroads
• List of defunct Nevada railroads

References

• McCulloch, John A., Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad historical information
• Serpico, Phil, TONOPAH & TIDEWATER RR - The Nevada Short Line, ISBN 978-0-88418-017-3, Omni Publications [1]
• Nelson, Genne, A Brief History of the Furnace Creek Area (1849–1954), Chapter Q in Michael N. Machette, Margo L. Johnson, and Janet L. Slate (eds.), Quaternary and Late Pliocene Geology of the Death Valley Region: Recent Observations on Tectonics, Stratigraphy, and Lake Cycles (Guidebook for the 2001 Pacific Cell--Friends of the Pleistocene Fieldtrip) (USGS, 2001)
• Walker, Mike, SPV's Comprehensive Railroad Atlas of North America - California/Nevada Post Merger Edition, (Steam Powered Publishing & SPV, 1997) Ownership and detail of rail lines.
• Route map circa 1907, from UNLV Libraries

External links

• http://www.ttrr.org/ Tonopah & Tidewater Railroad
• ca. 1907 Tonopah and Tidewater RR map (~6.5MB)
• Article on the abandoned Tonopha and Tidewater; includes pictures and map.
• Pictures of the stock at Orange Empire Railroad Museum in Perris, California, including T&T Boxcar #111
• An excerpt on the Nevada Northern Railroad Museum's site, about T&T Caboose #402
• Ex-T&T Railcar No. 99, in its current state at the railyards at Benjamin Hill, Sonora, Baja California, Mexico