Union of Concerned Scientists

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For the human-rights organization, see Committee of Concerned Scientists.
Union of Concerned Scientists
Logo of Union of Concerned Scientists
Motto Science for a healthy planet and safer world
Formation 1969
Headquarters Cambridge, Massachusetts, US
Membership
 over 200,000
Exec. Dir.
 Kathleen Rest
President
 Kenneth Kimmell
Founder
 Kurt Gottfried
Website ucsusa.org

The Union of Concerned Scientists (UCS) is a nonprofit science advocacy organization based in the United States. The UCS membership includes many private citizens in addition to professional scientists. James J. McCarthy, Professor of Biological Oceanography at Harvard University and past president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, currently chairs the UCS Board of Directors.[1]

History

The Union of Concerned Scientists was founded in 1969 by faculty and students of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, located in Cambridge, Massachusetts. The organization's founding document says it was formed to "initiate a critical and continuing examination of governmental policy in areas where science and technology are of actual or potential significance" and to "devise means for turning research applications away from the present emphasis on military technology toward the solution of pressing environmental and social problems."[2] The organization employs scientists, economists, and engineers engaged in environmental and security issues, as well as executive and support staff.[3]

One of the co-founders was physicist and Nobel laureate Dr. Henry Kendall, who served for many years as chairman of the board of UCS. In 1977, the UCS sponsored a "Scientists' Declaration on the Nuclear Arms Race" calling for an end to nuclear weapons tests and deployments in the United States and Soviet Union.[4] In response to the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), the UCS sponsored a petition entitled "An Appeal to Ban Space Weapons".[5]

In 1992, Kendall presided over the UCS-sponsored World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, which called for "fundamental change" to address a range of security and environmental issues. The document was signed by 1700 scientists, including a majority of the Nobel prize winners in the sciences.[6]

According to the George C. Marshall Institute, the UCS was the fourth-largest recipient of foundation grants for climate studies in the period 2000–2002, a fourth of its $24M grant income being for that purpose.[7] According to Charity Navigator, an independent, non-profit organization that evaluates American charities, in 2013 the UCS received $26.8 million in revenue, had $18.8 million in expenses and $39.3 million in net assets. The same year Charity Navigator gave the UCS a four out of four star rating, with an overall score of 91.19 out of 100.[8]

The Union of Concerned Scientists is a member of the Sustainable Energy Coalition.

Issue stances

In the 1999 UCS-published book The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists, the authors attempt to give practical advice to consumers to "help...distinguish the critical from the trivial and make choices that are congruent with your values." The book identifies using a fuel-efficient car and driving less as the number one way most people can reduce their environmental impact.[9] A similar book, titled Cooler Smarter: Practical Steps for Low-Carbon Living, was published in 2012.[10]

The UCS supports an increase in Corporate Average Fuel Economy Standards, the enactment of state laws to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from cars and trucks, deep reductions in greenhouse gas emissions in the United States, as well as national and international action to combat climate change. The organization has also produced several reports on regional effects of climate change in the United States.[11][12] The group supports increased taxes for polluters and incentives for environmentally beneficial practices.[9]

The UCS supports a national renewable energy standard which would require utilities to produce a certain percentage of their energy from sources such as wind power, solar energy and geothermal energy. The group also supports a national energy efficiency standard for home appliances.[9] The UCS acknowledges that nuclear power can reduce greenhouse gas emissions, but maintains that it must become much safer and cheaper before it can be considered a workable solution to global warming. They support increased safety enforcement from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission among other steps to improve nuclear power.[13] UCS has been critical of proposed Generation III reactor designs. Edwin Lyman, a senior staff scientist at UCS, has challenged specific cost-saving design choices made for both the AP1000 and Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor.[14] The UCS referred to the European Pressurized Reactor as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "...appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors."[15]

The UCS has also endorsed the Forests Now Declaration, which calls for new market based mechanism to protect forests, as the group has recognised the importance of curbing deforestation to tackle climate change.[16] The group also supports governmental incentives for people who want to preserve undeveloped land instead of selling it to developers,[9] as well as deforestation-free palm oil.[17]

The UCS has accused the US government of dozens of instances of political interference in science[18] and supports whistleblower protection, monetary incentives, and free speech rights for federal scientists. Its scientific integrity program has produced surveys of federal scientists at multiple agencies[19] and a statement signed by more than 11,000 scientists condemning political interference in science.[20]

The UCS supports the reduction of antibiotic use on livestock to prevent medical antibiotic resistance, and also opposes cloning animals for food, as well as forms of genetically modified food.[21] They also opposes the use of space weapons, and works on reducing the number of nuclear weapons around the world.[citation needed]

Media coverage

In 1997, the UCS presented their “World Scientists Call For Action” petition to world leaders meeting to negotiate the Kyoto Protocol. The declaration asserted, “A broad consensus among the world's climatologists is that there is now ‘a discernible human influence on global climate.’" It urged governments to make “legally binding commitments to reduce industrial nations' emissions of heat-trapping gases”, and called global warming “one of the most serious threats to the planet and to future generations.”[22] The petition was signed by “more than 1,500 of the world's most distinguished senior scientists, including the majority of Nobel laureates in science.”[23][24]

In February 2004, the UCS received press attention for its publication "Scientific Integrity in Policymaking". The report criticized the administration of U.S. President George W. Bush for "politicizing" science. Some of the allegations include altering information in global warming reports by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and choosing members of scientific advisory panels based on their business interests rather than scientific experience. In July 2004, the UCS released an addendum to the report in which they criticize the Bush administration and allege that reports on West Virginia strip mining had been improperly altered, and that "well-qualified" nominees for government posts such as Nobel laureate Torsten Wiesel were rejected because of political differences. On April 2, 2004, Dr. John Marburger, the director of the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy, issued a statement claiming that incident descriptions in the UCS report are "false," "wrong," or "a distortion",[25] and dismissed the report as "biased".[26] UCS rebutted the White House document by saying that Marburger's claims were unjustified. UCS later wrote that since that time, the Bush administration has been virtually silent on the issue.[27]

On October 30, 2006, the UCS issued a press release claiming that high-ranking members of the U.S. Department of the Interior, including Deputy Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks Julie MacDonald, systematically tampered with scientific data in an effort to undermine the protection of endangered species and the Endangered Species Act.[28]

On December 11, 2006, the UCS issued a statement calling for the restoration of scientific integrity to federal policy-making, which was signed by 10,600 leading scientists including Nobel laureates.[29]

On May 23, 2007, the UCS cited a joint-study with MIT and issued a press release claiming that "any test of the U.S. missile defense system that does not show whether an interceptor missile can distinguish between real warheads and decoys is irrelevant" and "contrived," and called for an end to the taxpayer-funded program until the system can show an ability to actually address "real world threats."[30]

On June 21, 2007, a UCS report charged the EPA with political manipulation of scientific data to influence updated US ozone regulations: "The law says use the science, the science says lower the standard to safe levels," said Francesca Grifo, director of the UCS' Scientific Integrity Program. "In disregarding its own scientists' analysis, the EPA is risking the health of millions of Americans."[31][32]

In August 2008, the UCS purchased billboards at the airports in Denver, Colorado and Minneapolis-St. Paul, Minnesota where the Democratic and Republican presidential conventions were to be held. The two nearly identical billboards showed the downtown areas of each convention city in a cross hairs, with the message that “when only one nuclear bomb could destroy a city” like Minneapolis or Denver, “we don’t need 6,000.” The name of Senator John McCain or Senator Barack Obama follows, with this admonition: “It’s time to get serious about reducing the nuclear threat.” The billboards were removed after a complaint from Northwest Airlines, the official airline of the Republican convention. The UCS has accused Northwest, whose headquarters were in Minnesota, of “taking on a new role as censor” and of having acted because it regarded the Minneapolis advertisement as “scary” and “anti-McCain.”[33][34][35]

In March 2011, the UCS held daily telephone media briefings related to the Fukushima nuclear accident.[36]

Publications

See also

References

  1. ↑ Salpeter and Gottfried sign letter urging Congress to pass binding resolution against nuclear weapons. News.cornell.edu (2007-02-13). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  2. ↑ Founding Document: 1968 MIT Faculty Statement. Ucsusa.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  3. ↑ List of UCS experts[dead link]
  4. ↑ Scientists' Declaration on the Nuclear Arms Race[dead link]
  5. ↑ UCS – History[dead link]
  6. ↑ World Scientists' Warning to Humanity (1992). Ucsusa.org (2015-12-22). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  7. ↑ Funding Flows for Climate Change Research and Related Activities[dead link]
  8. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Brower, Michael, Ph. D. and Leon, Warren, Ph. D. The Consumer's Guide to Effective Environmental Choices: Practical Advice from the Union of Concerned Scientists 1999, Three Rivers Press.
  10. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  11. ↑ Confronting Climate Change in the Great Lakes Region. Ucsusa.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  12. ↑ Confronting Climate Change in the Gulf Coast Archived August 4, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ↑ Nuclear Power and Global Warming Archived August 21, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Forestsnow – Endorsers – NGO and Research Institutes. Forestsnow.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ A to Z – Examples of Political Interference in Science Archived July 16, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ↑ Surveys of Scientists at Federal Agencies Archived July 13, 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ↑ Who Are the 11,000+ Scientists? – Scientist Statement Signatories[dead link]
  21. ↑ Genetic Engineering in Agriculture | Union of Concerned Scientists. Ucsusa.org (2015-12-22). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  22. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  23. ↑ ‘’Science Daily’’Oct. 2, 2007 article “World’s Nobel Laureates And Preeminent Scientists Call On Government To Halt Global Warming”. Sciencedaily.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  24. ↑ List of Selected Prominent Signatories with awards and affiliations. Dieoff.org. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  25. ↑ UCS Response to Congress. Ostp.gov. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  26. ↑ Scientists: Bush Distorts Science[dead link]
  27. ↑ Scientific Integrity in Policymaking Archived April 4, 2005 at the Wayback Machine
  28. ↑ Systematic Interference with Science at Interior Department Exposed – Emails and Edited Documents Show Evidence of Inappropriate Manipulation Archived November 4, 2006 at the Wayback Machine
  29. ↑ 10,600 Scientists Condemn Political Interference in Science – New Guide Documents Ongoing Federal Abuse of Science; 110th Congress Must Act. Ucsusa.org (2015-12-22). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  30. ↑ Another Contrived Missile Defense Test is Coming Up – Decoys Would Overwhelm System, Says Union of Concerned Scientists[dead link]
  31. ↑ EPA Falls Short of Scientists' Calls for Stricter Controls on Smog – Old standard not enough to protect public health[dead link]
  32. ↑ Zabarenko, Deborah. (2007-06-21) Critics question EPA's tighter ozone limits. Reuters.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  33. ↑ Ads on Nuclear Threat Removed From Convention Airports
  34. ↑ Ad critical of McCain doesn't fly with NWA. Startribune.com (2008-08-18). Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  35. ↑ Hoppin, Jason. (2008-08-19) Northwest bans ad from airport. Twincities.com. Retrieved on 2015-12-26.
  36. ↑ [1][dead link]

External links

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