Verkhnyaya Toyma, Arkhangelsk Oblast

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Verkhnyaya Toyma (English)
Верхняя Тойма (Russian)
-  Rural locality[1]  -
Selo[1]
Map of Russia - Arkhangelsk Oblast (2008-03).svg
Location of Arkhangelsk Oblast in Russia
Verkhnyaya Toyma is located in Arkhangelsk Oblast
Verkhnyaya Toyma
Verkhnyaya Toyma
Location of Verkhnyaya Toyma in Arkhangelsk Oblast
Coordinates: Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
Administrative status
Country Russia
Federal subject Arkhangelsk Oblast
Administrative district Verkhnetoyemsky District[1]
Selsoviet Verkhnetoyemsky Selsoviet[1]
Administrative center of Verkhnetoyemsky District,[1] Verkhnetoyemsky Selsoviet[1]
Municipal status (as of February 2010)
Municipal district Verkhnetoyemsky Municipal District[2]
Rural settlement Verkhnetoyemskoye Rural Settlement[2]
Administrative center of Verkhnetoyemsky Municipal District,[2] Verkhnetoyemskoye Rural Settlement[2]
Statistics
Population (2002 Census) 3,462 inhabitants[3]
Time zone MSK (UTC+03:00)[4]
[[:commons:Category:{{#property:Commons category}}|Verkhnyaya Toyma]] on Wikimedia Commons

Verkhnyaya Toyma (Russian: Ве́рхняя То́йма) is a rural locality (a selo) and the administrative center of Verkhnetoyemsky District, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russia, located on the right bank of the Northern Dvina River. It also serves as the administrative center of Verkhnetoyemsky Selsoviet, one of the fourteen selsoviets into which the district is administratively divided. Municipally, it is the administrative center of Verkhnetoyemskoye Rural Settlement. Population:3,462 (2010 Census);[5] 3,940 (2002 Census);[3] 4,430 (1989 Census).[6] It is served by Verkhnyaya Toyma Airport.

History

Etymology

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Further information: Uralic peoples, Uralic languages, Novgorod Republic

The name of Verkhnyaya Toyma stems from the name of the Verkhnyaya Toyma River, which, in turn, means The Upper Toyma, as compared with The Lower Toyma, the Nizhnyaya Toyma River, also a right tributary of the Northern Dvina.

The toponym Toyma is common to all northern Russian territories, from Toyma in Karelia to Toyma River in the Republic of Tatarstan. It relates to an extinct Uralic ethnonym of the same name known to the Novgorodians since (at least) the beginning of the 12th century. Janet Martin considered Toima (sic) the southern extreme of Novgorodian control over the Dvina basin in this period.[7] The first mention of Toyma, paying tribute to Novgorodians, is dated 1137[8] but there is no evidence that the word Toyma relates to the present-day area or its neighbor, Verkhnetoyemsky Selsoviet. The 1219 chronicle mentions ethnonym toymokary (Russian: ... И поиде тои зимö Семьюнъ Öминъ въ 4 стöх на Тоимокары ...). The 1237 Tale of the Death of the Russian Land mentions "Toyma pagans" living between "the Karelians" and Veliky Ustyug (Russian: ...от корöлы до Оустьюга, гдö тамо бяхоу тоимици погании...),[9] a location roughly aligned with the Northern Dvina basin.

Russian linguists argue whether the ethnonym Toyma relates to a specific tribe, a tribal group, a language or a whole continuum of Uralic languages.[10] Evgeny Chelimsky applied ethnonym Toyma to the wide area in the southern part of Northern Dvina basin and wrote that it is equivalent to the Northern Finns in Aleksandr Matveyev's classification.[11] Matveyev objected, writing that the Northern Finnish continuum was considerably wider than Toyma's, and that the hypothetical Toyma people occupied only a minor portion of it.[12] He preferred to equate the Toyma with a particular tribe that lived in Nizhnaya Toyma area, and noted that it also could belong to Permic languages.[13] At any rate, the Toymas disappeared before the 17th century, when their existence could be recorded in Muscovite sources, either through russification or through earlier assimilation by other Uralic peoples.

Timeline

From 1552, Verkhnyaya Toyma was a local administration center.[14] In the 17th century, there were two annual trade fairs in Toyma: The Annunciation Day Fair (April, 7) and the Saint Peter's Day Fair (July 5).[15]

Until 1924, the area was a part of Solvychegodsky Uyezd, which belonged to a variety of Governorates, and in 1918 moved to the newly established Northern Dvina Governorate. In 1924, the uyezds were abolished in favor of the new divisions, the districts (raions). Verkhnetoyemsky District was formed on April 10, 1924.

Geography and location

Verkhnyaya Toyma is located on the right bank of the Northern Dvina River, at the confluence of the Verkhnyaya Toyma River. It is located northwest of Kotlas.

Economy

Prior to 1917, the main occupations of the population were hunting, wood distillation, and livestock production. Crop production was basically unknown, and regular shortages of bread have been recorded due to the seasonal inaccessibility of the area. Verkhnyaya Toyma was a major trade center due to the location on the Northern Dvina. The large-scale timber industry only took a start in 1929, when Nizhnyaya Toyma Forest Production Company (Russian: Верхнетоемский леспромхоз) was established.[14] The agriculture is currently bankrupt and does not deliver any products.[14]

Transportation

Northern Dvina is navigable, although there is only local passenger navigation.

The right bank of the Northern Dvina River (including Verkhnyaya Toyma) is not connected by the all-season roads to the main road network. There are local roads, nostly unpaved. There is a ferry crossing over the Northern Dvina.

There is an airport, which used to generate considerable passenger traffic in the 1980s, but it is now defunct.

Culture and recreation

File:VToima2.jpg
A wooden bridge in the selo of Verkhnyaya Toyma

The district contains 3 objects classified as cultural and historical heritage (all of local importance). These include

  • The bridge over Verkhnyaya Toyma River (1930s);[16]
  • The Kuznetsov House (1858);[17]
  • The bridge over a ravine (1960s).[18]

The only museum in Verkhnyaya Toyma is the District is Verkhnyaya Toyma District Museum [19]

References

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по статистике. Комитет Российской Федерации по стандартизации, метрологии и сертификации. №ОК 019-95 1 января 1997 г. «Общероссийский классификатор объектов административно-территориального деления. Код 11 208 808 007», в ред. изменения №259/2014 от 12 декабря 2014 г.. (State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Committee of the Russian Federation on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification. #OK 019-95 January 1, 1997 Russian Classification of Objects of Administrative Division . Code 11 208 808 007, as amended by the Amendment #259/2014 of December 12, 2014. ).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №258-внеоч.-ОЗ от 23 сентября 2004 г. «О статусе и границах территорий муниципальных образований в Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №224-13-ОЗ от 16 декабря 2014 г. «Об упразднении отдельных населённых пунктов Соловецкого района Архангельской области и о внесении изменения в статью 46 Областного закона "О статусе и границах территорий муниципальных образований в Архангельской области"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Волна", №38, 8 октября 2004 г. (Arkhangelsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Oblast Law #258-vneoch.-OZ of September 23, 2004 On the Status and Borders of the Territories of the Municipal Formations in Arkhangelsk Oblast, as amended by the Oblast Law #224-13-OZ of December 16, 2014 On Abolishing Several Inhabited Localities in Solovetsky District of Arkhangelsk Oblast and on Amending Article 46 of the Oblast Law "On the Status and Borders of the Territories of the Municipal Formations in Arkhangelsk Oblast". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found. Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "PopCensus" defined multiple times with different content
  4. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №248-ФЗ от 21 июля 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #248-FZ of July 21, 2014 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  5. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  6. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  7. ↑ Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54811-X, ISBN 978-0-521-54811-3, p. 57
  8. ↑ Janet Martin (2004). Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-54811-X, ISBN 978-0-521-54811-3, p. 55, provides a list of tax-paying possessions of Novgorod in 1137, including Toyma.
  9. ↑ Original Russian version of the Tale of the Death of the Russian Land, second paragraph.
  10. ↑ Aleksandr Matveyev (in Russian) (2007). K probleme klassifikatsii yazukov substratnoy toponimii russkogo severa (К вопросу классификации языков субстратной топонимии Русского Севера. Voprosy Onomastiki, No 4, 2007. pp. 14–27, provides a roundup of opposing views on the subject
  11. ↑ Evgeny Helimski (2006). Severno-zapadnaya gruppa finno-ugorskih yazykov (Северно-западная группа финно-угорских языков). Voprosy Onomastiki, No 3, 2006. pp. 38-39
  12. ↑ Aleksandr Matveyev (in Russian) (2007). K probleme klassifikatsii yazukov substratnoy toponimii russkogo severa (К вопросу классификации языков субстратной топонимии Русского Севера. Voprosy Onomastiki, No 4, 2007. p. 23.
  13. ↑ Aleksandr Matveyev (in Russian) (2007). K probleme klassifikatsii yazukov substratnoy toponimii russkogo severa (К вопросу классификации языков субстратной топонимии Русского Севера. Voprosy Onomastiki, No 4, 2007. p. 24
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  15. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  16. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  17. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  18. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  19. ↑ Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

Sources

  • Архангельское областное Собрание депутатов. Областной закон №65-5-ОЗ от 23 сентября 2009 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве Архангельской области», в ред. Областного закона №232-13-ОЗ от 16 декабря 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в отдельные Областные Законы в сфере осуществления местного самоуправления и взаимодействия с некоммерческими организациями». Вступил в силу через десять дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Волна", №43, 6 октября 2009 г. (Arkhangelsk Oblast Council of Deputies. Oblast Law #65-5-OZ of September 23, 2009 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of Arkhangelsk Oblast, as amended by the Oblast Law #232-13-OZ of December 16, 2014 On Amending Various Oblast Laws Dealing with the Process of Municipal Self-Government and Relations with Non-Profit Organizations. Effective as of the day which is ten days after the official publication.).

External links

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
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