Voiced retroflex stop

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Voiced retroflex stop
ɖ
IPA Number 106
Encoding
Entity (decimal) ɖ
Unicode (hex) U+0256
X-SAMPA d`
Braille ⠲ (braille pattern dots-256) ⠙ (braille pattern dots-145)

The voiced retroflex stop is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨ɖ⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is d`. Like all the retroflex consonants, the IPA symbol is formed by adding a rightward-pointing hook extending from the bottom of a dee (the letter used for the corresponding alveolar consonant). Many Indian languages, such as Hindustani, have a two-way contrast between plain and murmured (breathy voice) [ɖ].

Features

Features of the voiced retroflex stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
  • Its place of articulation is retroflex, which prototypically means it is articulated subapical (with the tip of the tongue curled up), but more generally, it means that it is postalveolar without being palatalized. That is, besides the prototypical sub-apical articulation, the tongue contact can be apical (pointed) or laminal (flat).
  • Its phonation is voiced, which means the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Asturian Astierna dialect ḷḷingüa [ɖiŋɡwä] 'tongue' Corresponds to /ʎ/ in other dialects. See Che Vaqueira
English Indian dialects dine [ɖaɪn] 'to eat' Corresponds to /d/ in other dialects. See English phonology
Hindi[1] डेढ़ [ɖeːɽʱ] 'one and a half' See Hindi-Urdu phonology
Javanese ?/dhahar [ɖahaɽ] 'to eat'
Kannada ಅಡಸು [ʌɖʌsu] 'to join'
Malayalam പാണ്ഡവര് [ˈpäːɳɖäʋər] 'Pandavas'
Marathi हा [haːɖ] 'bone' See Marathi phonology
Nihali [biɖum] 'one'
Norwegian varde [ˈʋɑɖːə] 'beacon' See Norwegian phonology
Pashto ډﻙ [ɖak] 'full'
Punjabi ਡੱਡੂ [ɖəɖːu] 'frog'
Sardinian cherveddu <phonos file="Src-Cherveddu.ogg">[kerˈveɖːu]</phonos> 'brain'
Sicilian beddu [ˈbɛɖːu] 'handsome'
Swedish nord [nuːɖ] 'north' See Swedish phonology
Tamil[2] வண்டி [ʋəɳɖi] 'cart' Allophone of /ʈ/. See Tamil phonology
Telugu అఢరు [ʌɖʌru] 'to arise'
Torwali[3] ? [ɖiɣu] 'late afternoon' Realised as [ɽ] between vowels.
Urdu ڈالنا [ɖɑːlnɑː] 'to put' See Hindi-Urdu phonology

See also

References

Bibliography

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