Voiceless palatal stop

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Voiceless palatal stop
c
IPA number 107
Encoding
Entity (decimal) c
Unicode (hex) U+0063
X-SAMPA c
Kirshenbaum c
Braille ⠉ (braille pattern dots-14)
Sound

The voiceless palatal stop or voiceless palatal plosive is a type of consonantal sound used in some vocal languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨c⟩, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is c.

If distinction is necessary, the voiceless alveolo-palatal stop may be transcribed ⟨c̟⟩ or ⟨t̠ʲ⟩; these are essentially equivalent, because the contact includes both the blade and body (but not the tip) of the tongue. There is also a non-IPA letter ⟨ȶ⟩, used especially in Sinological circles.

It is common for the phonetic symbol ⟨c⟩ to be used to represent voiceless postalveolar affricate [t͡ʃ] or other similar affricates, for example in the Indic languages. This may be considered appropriate when the place of articulation needs to be specified and the distinction between stop and affricate is not contrastive.

There is also a voiceless post-palatal stop (also called pre-velar, fronted velar etc.) in some languages.

Features

Features of the voiceless palatal stop:

  • Its manner of articulation is occlusive, which means it is produced by obstructing airflow in the vocal tract. Since the consonant is also oral, with no nasal outlet, the airflow is blocked entirely, and the consonant is a stop.
  • Its place of articulation is palatal, which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised to the hard palate.
  • Its phonation is voiceless, which means it is produced without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
  • It is an oral consonant, which means air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant, which means it is produced by directing the airstream along the center of the tongue, rather than to the sides.
  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic, which means it is articulated by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.

Occurrence

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Albanian[1] shqip [ʃcip] 'Albanian Language' Merged with [t͡ʃ] in Gheg Albanian for all speakers and in Tosk for some speakers.[2]
Aranda [example needed] — — Dento-alveolo-palatal and alveolar.[3]
Basque ttantta [cäɲcä] 'droplet'
Blackfoot ᖳᖽᖾᖳᐡ/akikoan [aˈkicoan] 'girl' Allophone of /k/ after front vowels.
Bulgarian Banat dialect kaćétu [kacetu] 'as'
Catalan Eastern[4] adquirir [ət̪k̟iˈɾi(ɾ)] 'to acquire' Post-palatal.[4] Allophone of /k/ before front vowels.[4] See Catalan phonology
Majorcan[5] mags [ˈmacs] 'wizards' Simultaneous dento-alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] Corresponds to /k/ in other varieties. See Catalan phonology
Chinese Taiwanese Hokkien 機車/ki-tshia [ciː˧˧ t͡ɕʰia˥˥] 'motorcycle'
Corsican chjodu [ˈcoːdu] 'nail' Also present in the Gallurese dialect
Czech čeština [ˈtʃɛʃcɪna] 'Czech language' Alveolar and alveolo-palatal.[3] See Czech phonology
Dawsahak [cɛːˈnɐ] 'small'
Dinka car [car] 'black'
Dutch mietje [mic(j)ə] 'wimp'
Ega[6] [cá] 'understand'
English[7][8] keen [k̟ʰiːn] 'keen' Post-palatal.[7][8] Allophone of /k/ before front vowels and /j/,[8] in Australia it may be (less commonly) palatal instead.[8] See English phonology and Australian English phonology
French[3] qui [ci] 'who' (int.) Ranges from alveolar to palatal with more than one closure point. See French phonology
Friulian cjase [case] 'house'
Ganda caayi [caːji] 'tea'
Greek[9] Μακεδνός About this sound [mɐc̠e̞ˈðno̞s̠] (help·info) 'Makedon' Post-palatal.[9] See Modern Greek phonology
Gweno [ca] 'to come'
Hungarian[10] tyúk [cuːk] 'hen' Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Hungarian phonology
Icelandic gjóla [couːla] 'light wind' Alveolo-palatal.[3] See Icelandic phonology
Italian Standard[11] chi About this sound [k̟i] (help·info) 'who(m)' Post-palatal.[11] Allophone of /k/ before /i e ɛ j/.[11] See Italian phonology
Irish ceist [cɛʃtʲ] 'question' Simultaneous alveolo-palatal and palatal.[3] See Irish phonology
Khmer ចាប [caap] 'bird' Contrasts aspirated and unaspirated forms.
Kinyarwanda ikintu [iciːntu] 'question'
Latvian ķirbis [ˈcirbis] 'pumpkin'
Low German Plautdietsch kjoakj [coac] 'church' Corresponds to [kʲ] in all other dialects.
Macedonian вреќа [ˈvrɛca] 'sack' See Macedonian phonology
Norwegian Northern and central dialects[12] fett [fɛcː] 'fat' See Norwegian phonology
Occitan Limousin tireta [ciˈʀetɒ] 'drawer'
Auvergnat tirador [ciʀaˈdu] 'drawer'
Portuguese Some Fluminense speakers pequi [pi̥ˈci] 'pequi' Allophone of stressed /k/ after [i ~ ɪ] and before close front vowels (/i e ĩ ẽ/).
Some Brazilian speakers metido [miˈc̟idu] 'meddlesome', 'cocky' (m.) Corresponds to the affricate allophone of /t/ before /i/ that is common in Brazil).[13] See Portuguese phonology
Romanian[14] chin [cin] 'torture' Allophone of /k/ before /i/ and /e/. See Romanian phonology
Romansh Sursilvan[15] notg [nɔc] 'night'
Sutsilvan[16] tgàn [caŋ] 'dog'
Surmiran[17] vatgas [ˈvɑcɐs] 'cows'
Puter[18] zücher [ˈtsycər] 'sugar'
Vallader[19] müs-chel [ˈmyʃcəl] 'moss'
Slovak deväť [ˈɟɛvæc] 'nine' Alveolar.[3]
Turkish köy [cʰœj] 'village' See Turkish phonology
Vietnamese[20] chị [ci˧ˀ˨ʔ] 'elder sister' May be slightly affricated [t͡ɕ]. See Vietnamese phonology
West Frisian tjems [cɛms] 'strainer'
Western Desert kutju [kucu] 'one'

See also

References

  1. ↑ Newmark, Hubbard & Prifti (1982), p. 10.
  2. ↑ Kolgjini (2004).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 Recasens (2013), p. 11–13.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Rafel (1999), p. 14.
  5. ↑ Recasens & Espinosa (2005), p. 1.
  6. ↑ Connell, Ahoua & Gibbon (2002), p. 100.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Lyons (1981), p. 76.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Mannell, Cox & Harrington (2009).
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Arvaniti (2007), p. 20.
  10. ↑ Ladefoged (2005), p. 164.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Canepari (1992), p. 62.
  12. ↑ Skjekkeland (1997), pp. 105–107.
  13. ↑ Palatalization in Brazilian Portuguese revisited
  14. ↑ DEX Online : [1]
  15. ↑ Menzli (1993), p. 92.
  16. ↑ Liver (1999), pp. 53–54.
  17. ↑ Liver (1999), pp. 56–57.
  18. ↑ Liver (1999), pp. 59–60.
  19. ↑ Liver (1999), pp. 63–64.
  20. ↑ Thompson (1959), pp. 458–461.

Bibliography

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  • Canepari, Luciano (1992), Il MªPi – Manuale di pronuncia italiana (in Italian), Bologna: Zanichelli, ISBN 88-08-24624-8 Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Connell, Bruce; Ahoua, Firmin; Gibbon, Dafydd (2002), "Ega", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 32 (1): 99–104, doi:10.1017/S002510030200018X<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Kolgjini, Julie M. (2004), Palatalization in Albanian: An acoustic investigation of stops and affricates (Ph.D.), The University of Texas at Arlington<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
  • Ladefoged, Peter (2005), Vowels and Consonants (Second ed.), Blackwell<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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  • Recasens, Daniel; Espinosa, Aina (2005), "Articulatory, positional and coarticulatory characteristics for clear /l/ and dark /l/: evidence from two Catalan dialects", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (1): 1–25, doi:10.1017/S0025100305001878<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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  • Thompson, Laurence (1959), "Saigon phonemics", Language, 35 (3): 454–476, doi:10.2307/411232, JSTOR 411232<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
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