Niqqud

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Niqqud
Other diacritics cantillation, geresh,
gershayim
Example
Example of biblical Hebrew trope.svg
Gen. 1:9, And God said,
"Let the waters be collected".
Letters in black, niqqud in red,
cantillation in blue
[1]
Niqqud articles
Shva · Hiriq · Zeire · Segol · Patach · Kamatz · Holam · Dagesh · Mappiq · Shuruk · Kubutz · Rafe · Sin/Shin Dot

<templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>

In Hebrew orthography, niqqud or nikkud (Hebrew: נִקּוּד, Modern [nikud] Error: {{Transl}}: unrecognized transliteration standard: (help), Tiberian niqqûḏ ; "dotting, pointing" or Hebrew: נְקֻדּוֹת, Modern [nekudot] Error: {{Transl}}: unrecognized transliteration standard: (help), Tiberian nəquddôṯ ; "dots") is a system of diacritical signs used to represent vowels or distinguish between alternative pronunciations of letters of the Hebrew alphabet. Several such diacritical systems were developed in the Early Middle Ages. The most widespread system, and the only one still used to a significant degree today, was created by the Masoretes of Tiberias in the second half of the first millennium AD in the Land of Israel (see Masoretic Text, Tiberian Hebrew). Text written with niqqud is called ktiv menuqad.

Niqqud marks are small compared to consonants, so they can be added without retranscribing texts whose writers did not anticipate them.

In modern Israeli orthography niqqud is seldom used, except in specialised texts such as dictionaries, poetry, or texts for children or for new immigrants. For purposes of disambiguation, a system of spelling without niqqud, known in Hebrew as ktiv maleh (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />כתיב מלא‎, literally "full spelling") has developed. This was formally standardised in the Rules for Spelling without Niqqud (<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />כללי הכתיב חסר הניקוד‎) enacted by the Academy of the Hebrew Language in 1996.[2]

Among those who do not speak Hebrew, niqqud are the sometimes unnamed focus of controversy regarding the interpretation of the name written with the Tetragrammaton—written as <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />יְהֹוָה‎ in Hebrew. The interpretation affects discussion of the authentic ancient pronunciation of the name whose other conventional English forms are "Jehovah" and "Yahweh".

Demonstration

This table uses the consonants ב, ח or ש, where appropriate, to demonstrate where the niqqud is placed in relation to the consonant it is pronounced after. Any other consonants shown are actually part of the vowel. Note that there is some variation among different traditions in exactly how some vowel points are pronounced. The table below shows how most Israelis would pronounce them, but the classic Ashkenazi pronunciation, for example, differs in several respects.

This demonstration is known to work in Internet Explorer and Mozilla browsers in at least some circumstances, but in most other Windows browsers the niqqud do not properly combine with the consonants. It works very well when "dir=rtl" is added in the HTML source. This is because, currently, the Windows text display engine does not combine the niqqud automatically. Except as noted, the vowel pointings should appear directly beneath the consonants and the accompanying "vowel letter" consonants for the mālê (long) forms appear after.
Note concerning IPA: the transcription symbols are linked to the articles about the sounds they represent. The diacritic ˘ (breve) indicates a short vowel; the triangular colon symbol ː indicates that the vowel is long.
Symbol Type Common name Alternate names Scientific name Hebrew IPA Transliteration Comments
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בְ Israeli Sh'va sheva shva <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שְׁוָא [] or Ø ə, e, ’, or nothing

In modern Hebrew, shva represents either /e/ or Ø, regardless of its traditional classification as shva naḥ (שווא נח) or shva na (שווא נע), see the following table for examples:

Pronunciation of shva in modern Hebrew
  Occurrences of shva denoting the vowel /e/) Occurrences of shva denoting Ø (absence of a vowel)
shva naḥ*
קִמַּטְתְּ
[kiˈmate̞t]
הִתְמוֹטַטְתְּ
[hitmo̞ˈtate̞t]
קִפַּלְתְּ [kiˈpalt]
הִתְקַפַּלְתְּ
[hitkaˈpalt]
shva na שָׁדְדוּ [ʃade̞ˈdu]
לְאַט
[le̞ˈat]
שָׂרְדוּ [sarˈdu]
זְמַן
[zman]
*All shvas in the words "קִמַּטְתְּ" and "הִתְמוֹטַטְתְּ", also those marked under the letter tet ("ט"), are shva naḥ.
Tiberian šəwâ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שְׁוָא [ɐ̆]
[ɛ̆]
[ĕ]
[ĭ]
[ɔ̆]
[ŏ]
[ŭ]
 
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֱ Israeli Reduced segol hataf segol ẖataf seggol <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֲטַף סֶגּוֹל [] e  
Tiberian ḥăṭep̄ səḡôl <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֲטֶף סְגוֹל [ɛ̆] ĕ  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֲ Israeli Reduced patach hataf patah ẖataf pataẖ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֲטַף פַּתַח [a] a  
Tiberian ḥăṭep̄ páṯaḥ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֲטֶף פַּתַח [ɐ̆] ă  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֳ Israeli Reduced kamatz hataf kamats ẖataf kamats <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֲטַף קָמָץ [] o  
Tiberian ḥăṭep̄ qāmeṣ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֲטֶף קָמָץ [ɔ̆] ŏ  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בִ Israeli Hiriq hiriq ẖirik <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חִירִיק [i] i Usually promoted to Hiriq Malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
Tiberian ḥîreq <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חִירֶק [i] or []) i or í  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בִי Israeli Hiriq malei hiriq yod ẖirik male <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חִירִיק מָלֵא [i] i  
Tiberian ḥîreq mālê <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חִירֶק מָלֵא [] î  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בֵ Israeli Zeire tsere, tzeirei tsere <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />צֵירֵי [] e  
Tiberian ṣērê <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />צֵרֵי [] ē  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בֵי, בֵה, בֵא Israeli Zeire malei tsere yod, tzeirei yod tsere male <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />צֵירֵי מָלֵא [] e More commonly ei (IPA [ei̯]).
Tiberian ṣērê mālê <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />צֵרֵי מָלֵא [] ê  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בֶ Israeli Segol segol seggol <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />סֶגּוֹל [] e  
Tiberian səḡôl <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />סְגוֹל [ɛ] or [ɛː] e or é  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בֶי, בֶה, בֶא Israeli Segol malei segol yod seggol male <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />סֶגּוֹל מָלֵא [] e With succeeding yod, it is more commonly ei (IPA [ei̯])
Tiberian səḡôl mālê <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />סְגוֹל מָלֵא [ɛː]  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בַ Israeli Patach patah pataẖ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />פַּתַח [a] a A patach on a letters ח, ע, ה at the end of a word is sounded before the letter, and not after. Thus, נֹחַ (Noah) is pronounced /ˈno.ax/. This only occurs at the ends of words and only with patach and ח, ע, and הּ (that is, ה with a dot (mappiq) in it). This is sometimes called a patach ganuv, or "stolen" patach (more formally, "furtive patach"), since the sound "steals" an imaginary epenthetic consonant to make the extra syllable.
Tiberian páṯaḥ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />פַּתַח [ɐ] or [ɐː] a or á  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בַה, בַא Israeli Patach malei patah yod pataẖ male <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />פַּתַח מָלֵא [a] a  
Tiberian páṯaḥ mālê <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />פַּתַח מָלֵא [ɐː]  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בָ Israeli Kamatz gadol kamats kamats gadol <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קָמַץ גָּדוֹל [a] a  
Tiberian qāmeṣ gāḏôl <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קָמֶץ גָּדוֹל [ɔː] ā  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בָה, בָא Israeli Kamatz malei kamats he kamats male <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קָמַץ מָלֵא [a] a  
Tiberian qāmeṣ mālê <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קָמֶץ מָלֵא [ɔː] â  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בָ Israeli Kamatz katan kamats hatuf kamats katan <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קָמַץ קָטָן [] o Usually promoted to Holam Malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. Also, not to be confused with Hataf Kamatz.
Tiberian qāmeṣ qāṭān <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קָמֶץ קָטָן [ɔ]  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בֹ Israeli Holam holam ẖolam <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חוֹלָם [] o Usually promoted to Holam Malei in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation. The holam is written above the consonant on the left corner, or slightly to the left of (i.e., after) it at the top.
Tiberian ḥōlem <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֹלֶם [] ō  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בוֹ, בֹה, בֹא Israeli Holam malei holam male ẖolam male <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חוֹלַם מָלֵא [] o The holam is written in the normal position relative to the main consonant (above and slightly to the left), which places it directly over the vav.
Tiberian ḥōlem mālê <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />חֹלֶם מָלֵא [] ô  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בֻ Israeli Kubutz kubuts kubbuts <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קֻבּוּץ [u] u Usually promoted to Shuruk in Israeli writing for the sake of disambiguation.
Tiberian qibbûṣ <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />קִבּוּץ [u] or [] u or ú  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בוּ, בוּה, בוּא Israeli Shuruk shuruk shuruk <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שׁוּרוּק [u] u The shuruk is written after the consonant it applies to (the consonant after which the vowel /u/ is pronounced). The dot in the shuruk is identical to a dagesh, thus shuruq and vav with a dagesh are indistinguishable. (see below).
Tiberian šûreq <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שׁוּרֶק [] û  
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בּ Israeli Dagesh dagesh dagesh <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />דָּגֵשׁ varied varied Not a vowel, "dagesh" refers to two distinct grammatical entities:
  1. "dagesh kal", which designates the plosive (as opposed to fricative) variant of any of the letters בגדכפת (in earlier forms of Hebrew this distinction was allophonic; in Israeli Hebrew ג, ד and ת with or without dagesh kal are acoustically and phonologically indistinguishable, whereas plosive and fricative variants of ב, כ and פ are sometimes allophonic and sometimes distinct phonemes (e.g., אִפֵּר /iˈper/ applied make up vs. אִפֵר /iˈfer/ tipped ash),
  2. "dagesh hazak", which designates gemination (prolonged pronunciation) of consonants, but which, although represented in most cases when transliterated according to standards of the Academy of the Hebrew Language,[3] is acoustically and phonologically non existent in Modern Hebrew (except occasionally in dramatic or comical recitations, in some loanwords—such as a few Arabic profanities—and pronunciations exaggerated for the sake of disambiguation).

For most letters the dagesh is written within the glyph, near the middle if possible, but the exact position varies from letter to letter (some letters do not have an open area in the middle, and in these cases it is written usually beside the letter, as with yod).

The guttural consonants (אהחע) and resh (ר) are not marked with a dagesh, although the letter he (ה) (and rarely א) may appear with a mappiq (which is written the same way as dagesh) at the end of a word to indicate that the letter does not signify a vowel but is consonantal.

To the resulting form, there can still be added a niqqud diacritic designating a vowel.

Tiberian dāḡēš <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />דָּגֵשׁ    
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />בֿ Israeli Rafe rafe רָפֵא No longer used in Hebrew. Still seen in Yiddish (especially following the YIVO standard) to distinguish various letter pairs. Some ancient manuscripts have a dagesh or a rafe on nearly every letter. It is also used to indicate that a letter like ה or א is silent. In the particularly strange case of the Ten Commandments, which have two different traditions for their Cantillations which many texts write together, there are cases of a single letter with both a dagesh and a rafe, if it is hard in one reading and soft in the other.
Tiberian Niqqud, but not a vowel. Used as an "anti-dagesh", to show that a בגדכפת letter is soft and not hard, or (sometimes) that a consonant is single and not double, or that a letter like ה or א is completely silent
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שׁ Israeli Shin dot shin dot šin dot <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שִׁי"ן‎, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שִׁי״ן יְמָנִית‎ or <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />יְמִינִית‎, "right Shin" [ʃ] š/sh Niqqud, but not a vowel (except when inadequate typefaces merge the holam of a letter before the shin with the shin dot). The dot for shin is written over the right (first) branch of the letter. It is usually transcribed "sh".
Tiberian
<templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שׂ Israeli Sin dot sin dot śin dot <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שִׂי"ן‎, <templatestyles src="Script/styles_hebrew.css" />שִׁי״ן שְׂמָאלִית‎, "left Sin" [s] ś/s Niqqud, but not a vowel (except when inadequate typefaces merge the holam of the sin with the sin dot). The dot for sin is written over the left (third) branch of the letter
Tiberian Some linguistic evidence indicates that it was originally IPA [ɬ], though poetry and acrostics show that it has been pronounced /s/ since quite ancient times).

Keyboard

Both consonants and niqqud can be typed from virtual graphical keyboards available on the World Wide Web, or by methods integrated into particular operating systems.

Microsoft Windows

  • In Windows 8 or later, niqqud can be entered using the right alt + the first Hebrew letter of the name of the value, when using the standard Hebrew keyboard layout. On earlier versions, the typist can enter niqqud by pressing CapsLock, placing the cursor after the consonant letter, and then pressing Shift and one of the keys in the chart below.
  • The user can configure the registry to allow use of the Alt key with the numeric plus key to type the hexadecimal Unicode value.[4]
  • The user can use the Microsoft Keyboard Layout Creator to produce a custom keyboard layout, or can download a layout produced by another party.[5]

Linux

In GTK+ Linux systems, niqqud can be entered by holding down AltGR and pressing the same keys as for Windows below. Or by pressing ctrl+shift+u followed by the appropriate 4 digit Unicode.

Macintosh

Using the Hebrew keyboard layout in Mac OS X, the typist can enter niqqud by pressing the Option key together with a number on the top row of the keyboard. Other combinations such as sofit and hataf can also be entered by pressing either the Shift key and a number, or by pressing the Shift key, Option key, and a number at the same time.[6][7]

Niqqud input
Input (Windows) Key (Windows) Input
(Mac OS X)
Unicode Type Result
~ TildeKey.svg 0 05B0 Sh'va Tilde Schwa.svg [1]
1 1key.svg 3 05B1 Reduced Segol Hataf Segol.svg [1]
2 2Key.svg 1 05B2 Reduced Patach Hataf Patah.svg [1]
3 3Key.svg 2 05B3 Reduced Kamatz
סֳ
[1]
4 4Key.svg 4 05B4 Hiriq Hebrew Hiriq.svg [1]
5 5Key.svg 5 05B5 Zeire Hebrew Zeire.svg [1]
6 6Key.svg 9 05B6 Segol Hebrew Segol.svg [1]
7 7Key.svg 6 05B7 Patach Hebrew Patah.svg [1]
Niqqud input
Input (Windows) Key (Windows) Input
(Mac OS X)
Unicode Type Result
8 8Key.svg 7 05B8 Kamatz
סָ
[1]
9 9Key.svg A 05C2 Sin dot (left) Hebrew Sin.svg [2]
0 0Key.svg M 05C1 Shin dot (right) 0 Shin.svg [2]
 – MinusKey.svg = 05B9 Holam Hebrew Holam.svg [1]
= [3] EqualKey.svg , 05BC Dagesh or Mappiq Hebrew Equal Dagesh.svg [1]
U 05BC Shuruk Hebrew Equal Shuruk.svg [4]
\ BackslashKey.svg 8 05BB Kubutz Hebrew Backslash Qubuz.svg [1]

Notes:

  • [1] The letter "ס" represents any Hebrew consonant.
  • [2] For sin-dot and shin-dot, the letter "ש" (sin/shin) is used.
  • [3] The dagesh, mappiq, and shuruk have different uses, but the same graphical representation, and hence are input in the same manner.
  • [4] For shuruk, the letter "ו" (vav) is used since it can only be used with that letter.
  • A rafe can be input by inserting the corresponding Unicode character, either explicitly or via a customized keyboard layout.

SIL International have developed another standard, which is based on Tiro, but adds the Niqqud along the home keys.[8] Linux comes with "Israel — Biblical Hebrew (Tiro)" as a standard layout. With this layout, niqqud can be typed without pressing the Caps Lock key.

See also

Bibliography

  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.
  • Wikisource-logo.svg Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar, especially §7, §8, §9
  • Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'strict' not found.

External links

References

de:Hebräisches Alphabet#Masoretische Vokalisation